Methods and compositions for root knot nematode control

ABSTRACT

The present invention discloses gene targets, constructs and methods for the genetic control of plant disease caused by nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne (root knot nematodes). The present invention relates to achieving a plant protective effect through the identification of target coding sequences and the use of recombinant DNA technologies for post-transcriptionally repressing or inhibiting expression of the target coding sequences in the cells of plant-parasitic nematodes. The disclosed gene targets show significant conservation at the nucleotide level between orthologs from different Meloidogyne species, facilitating genus-wide targeting by RNA interference.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/504,330, filed Oct. 1, 2014, which application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/935,266, filed Dec. 20, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,901,373, which application is a 371 National Stage application of International Application No. PCT/US09/040224, filed Apr. 10, 2009, which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/044,015, filed Apr. 10, 2008, and to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/084,205, filed Jul. 28, 2008, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF SEQUENCE LISTING IN COMPUTER READABLE FORM

The Sequence Listing, which is a part of the present disclosure, includes a computer readable form 113 KB file entitled “MNDI004WO_ST25.txt” created Apr. 10, 2009, comprising nucleotide sequences of the present invention. The subject matter of the Sequence Listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to genetic control of plant disease caused by plant-parasitic nematodes. More specifically, the present invention relates to identification of target coding sequences, and to use of recombinant DNA technologies for post-transcriptionally repressing or inhibiting expression of target coding sequences in the cells of a plant-parasitic nematode to provide a plant protective effect.

2. Description of Related Art

Plants are subject to multiple potential disease causing agents, including plant-parasitic nematodes, which are active, flexible, elongate organisms that live on moist surfaces or in liquid environments, including films of water within soil and moist tissues within other organisms. There are numerous plant-parasitic nematode species, including various root knot nematodes (e.g. Meloidogyne sp.), lesion nematodes (e.g. Pratylenchus sp.), cyst nematodes (e.g. Heterodera sp.), dagger nematodes (e.g. Xiphinema sp.) and stem and bulb nematodes (e.g. Ditylenchus sp.), among others. Tylenchid nematodes (members of the order Tylenchida), including the families Heteroderidae, Meloidogynidae, and Pratylenchidae, are the largest and most economically important group of plant-parasitic nematodes. Nematode species grow through a series of lifecycle stages and molts. Typically, there are five stages and four molts: egg stage; J1 (i.e. first juvenile stage); M1 (i.e. first molt); J2 (second juvenile stage; sometimes hatch from egg); M2; J3; M3; J4; M4; A (adult). Juvenile (“J”) stages are also sometimes referred to as larval (“L”) stages. Gene expression may be specific to one or more lifecycle stages.

Both plant-specific and animal-specific species of nematodes have evolved as very successful parasites and are responsible for significant economic losses in agriculture and livestock and for morbidity and mortality in humans. Nematode parasites of plants can inhabit all parts of plants, including roots, developing flower buds, leaves, and stems. Plant parasites are classified on the basis of their feeding habits into the broad categories migratory ectoparasites, migratory endoparasites, and sedentary endoparasites. Sedentary endoparasites, which include the root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and cyst nematodes (Globodera and Heterodera) induce feeding sites (“giant cells” in the case of root knot nematodes and “syncytia” for cyst nematodes) and establish long-term infections within roots that are often very damaging to crops. It is estimated that parasitic nematodes cost the horticulture and agriculture industries in excess of $78 billion worldwide a year, based on an estimated average 12% annual loss spread across all major crops. For example, it is estimated that nematodes annually cause soybean losses of approximately $3.2 billion worldwide (Barker et al., 1994).

Compositions, methods, and agents for controlling infestations by nematodes have been provided in several forms. Biological and cultural control methods, including plant quarantines, have been attempted in numerous instances. In some crops, plant resistance genes have been identified that allow nematode resistance or tolerance. Chemical compositions such as nematocides have typically been applied to soil in which plant parasitic nematodes are present. However, there is an urgent need for safe and effective nematode controls. Factors relating to the disadvantages of current control strategies include heightened concern for the sustainability of agriculture, and new government regulations that may prevent or severely restrict the use of many available agricultural chemical antihelminthic agents.

Chemical agents are often not selective, and exert their effects on non-target organisms, effectively disrupting populations of beneficial microorganisms, for a period of time following application of the agent. Chemical agents may persist in the environment and only be slowly metabolized. Nematocidal soil fumigants such as chloropicrin and methyl bromide and related compounds are highly toxic. Methyl bromide has been identified as an ozone-depleting compound, and its registration for use in the United States is being removed. These agents may also accumulate in the water table or the food chain, and in higher trophic level species. These agents may also act as mutagens and/or carcinogens to cause irreversible and deleterious genetic modifications. Thus, alternative methods for nematode control, such as genetic methods, are increasingly being studied.

RNA interference (“RNAi”) is a process utilizing endogenous cellular pathways whereby a double stranded RNA (dsRNA) specific target gene results in the degradation of the mRNA of interest. RNAi works through an endogenous pathway including the Dicer protein complex that generates ˜21-nucleotide small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) from the original dsRNA and the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that uses siRNA guides to recognize and degrade or block the translation from the corresponding mRNAs. Only transcripts complementary to the siRNA are affected, and thus the knock-down of mRNA expression is usually sequence specific. The gene silencing effect of RNAi persists for days and, under experimental conditions, can lead to a decline in abundance of the targeted transcript of 90% or more, with consequent decline in levels of the corresponding protein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1: shows a schematic example of a hairy root expression construct used to select for combined chemical (BASTA) and fluorescence (DsRed) to produce hairy roots with uniform expression of a nematicidal gene of interest (GOI). The GOI could encode a nematicidal nucleotide, such as a double stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting an essential nematode gene. Kanamycin resistance is used for plasmid propagation within bacterial hosts. BASTA (ammonium glufosinate:phosphinothricin) tolerance is conferred by the expression of the BAR gene (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase) under the control of the mannopine synthase promoter and terminator. The GOI can be driven by strong constitutive promoters derived from the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (35S) or figwort mosaic virus (FMV) or a variety of plant promoters such as the ubiquitin 3 promoter and terminators such as the E6, E9 or octopine synthase (OCS) terminator can be used. The red fluorescent protein DsRed can be driven by strong constitutive viral promoters or other promoters such as the actin 7 plant promoter with the use of terminators such as E6, E9 or OCS.

FIG. 2: shows an example of the nematode rating scale (1-4) used in Example 2.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the present invention comprises an polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of: (a) a fragment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleic acid sequence of any of: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, or SEQ ID NO:47, wherein uptake by a plant-parasitic nematode of a double stranded ribonucleotide sequence comprising at least one strand that is complementary to said fragment inhibits the growth of the nematode; and (b) a complement of the sequence of (a). In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is defined as operably linked to a heterologous promoter. By “heterologous” is meant any sequence, e.g. promoter, which is not naturally found joined to the polynucleotide, including, for example, a combination of nucleic acid sequences from the same plant which are not naturally found joined together. In certain embodiments the polynucleotide is comprised on a plant transformation vector. In further embodiments of the invention, a polynucleotide sequence provided herein may be defined as an isolated polynucleotide sequence.

Another aspect of the invention is a double stranded ribonucleotide sequence produced from the expression of such a polynucleotide, wherein the taking up of the ribonucleotide sequence by a plant-parasitic nematode inhibits the growth of the nematode. In certain embodiments the double stranded ribonucleotide sequence is further defined as produced by preparing a recombinant polynucleotide sequence comprising a first, a second and a third polynucleotide sequence, wherein the first polynucleotide sequence comprises an polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of: (a) a fragment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleic acid sequence of any of: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, or SEQ ID NO:47, wherein uptake by a plant-parasitic nematode of a double stranded ribonucleotide sequence comprising at least one strand that is complementary to said fragment inhibits the growth of the nematode; and (b) a complement of the sequence of (a); and wherein the third polynucleotide sequence is linked to the first polynucleotide sequence by the second polynucleotide sequence, and wherein the third polynucleotide sequence is substantially the reverse complement of the first polynucleotide sequence such that the first and the third polynucleotide sequences hybridize when transcribed into a ribonucleic acid to form the double stranded ribonucleotide molecule stabilized by the linked second ribonucleotide sequence. In particular embodiments, the double stranded ribonucleotide sequence inhibits the expression of a nucleotide sequence substantially complementary to the polynucleotide sequence, when the polynucleotide sequence is taken up by the plant-parasitic nematode.

Another aspect of the invention is a plant transformation vector comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) a fragment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleic acid sequence of any of: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, or SEQ ID NO:47, wherein uptake by a plant-parasitic nematode of a double stranded ribonucleotide sequence comprising at least one strand that is complementary to said fragment inhibits the growth of the nematode; and (b) a complement of the sequence of (a); wherein the DNA sequence is operably linked to a heterologous promoter functional in a plant cell. A further embodiment of the invention is a cell transformed with such a polynucleotide. In certain embodiments, the cell is defined as prokaryotic cell, or a eukaryotic cell. In a particular embodiment, the cell is defined as a plant cell.

Another embodiment of the invention relates to a plant transformed with the polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of: (a) a fragment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleic acid sequence of any of: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, or SEQ ID NO:47, wherein uptake by a plant-parasitic nematode of a double stranded ribonucleotide molecule comprising at least one strand that is complementary to said fragment inhibits the growth of the nematode; and (b) a complement of the sequence of (a). The plant, in certain embodiments, is further defined as selected from a crop selected from the group consisting of: corn, wheat, barley, rye, rice, potato, tomato, cucumber, pepper, clover, legume, soybean, pea, alfalfa, sugar cane, sugar beet, tobacco, carrot, cotton, rapeseed (canola), sunflower, safflower, sorghum, strawberry, banana, turf, and an ornamental plant. A seed of such a plant, wherein the seed comprises the polynucleotide, is another embodiment of the invention. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is expressed in the plant or plant cell, such as a root cell, as a double stranded ribonucleotide sequence. In other embodiments, the plant-parasitic nematode is a Meloidogyne spp. In particular embodiments the plant-parasitic nematode is Meloidogyne incognita. In yet other embodiments, the taking up of the plant-parasitic nematode inhibitory amount of the double stranded ribonucleotide sequence inhibits growth or reproduction of the nematode.

Another aspect of the invention is a commodity product produced from a plant comprising a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of: (a) a fragment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleic acid sequence of any of: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, or SEQ ID NO:47, wherein uptake by a plant-parasitic nematode of a double stranded ribonucleotide sequence comprising at least one strand that is complementary to said fragment inhibits the growth of the nematode; and (b) a complement of the sequence of (a), wherein the commodity product comprises a detectable amount of the polynucleotide or a ribonucleotide expressed therefrom.

Another aspect of the invention is a method for controlling a plant-parasitic nematode population comprising providing an agent comprising a double stranded ribonucleotide sequence that functions upon being taken up by the nematode to inhibit a biological function within the nematode, wherein the agent comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, and SEQ ID NO:47, and complements thereof.

Yet another aspect of the invention is a method for controlling a plant-parasitic nematode population comprising providing an agent comprising a first polynucleotide sequence that functions upon being taken up by a plant-parasitic nematode to inhibit a biological function within the nematode, wherein the polynucleotide sequence exhibits from about 95 to about 100% nucleotide sequence identity along at least from about 19 to about 25 contiguous nucleotides to a coding sequence derived from the nematode and is hybridized to a second polynucleotide sequence that is complementary to the first polynucleotide sequence, and wherein the coding sequence derived from the nematode is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, and SEQ ID NO:47, and the complements thereof. In certain embodiments, the nematode is Meloidogyne spp. In particular embodiments the nematode is Meloidogyne incognita.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method for controlling a plant-parasitic nematode population comprising providing in the host plant of a plant-parasitic nematode a transformed plant cell expressing a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, and SEQ ID NO:47, a fragment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of any of these polynucleotide sequences, and complements thereof, wherein the polynucleotide is expressed to produce a double stranded ribonucleic acid that functions upon being taken up by the plant-parasitic nematode to inhibit the expression of a target sequence within the nematode and results in decreased growth or reproduction of the nematode or nematode population, relative to growth or reproduction on a host lacking the transformed plant cell. In certain embodiments the nematode exhibits decreased growth following infection of the host plant. Particular embodiments of the method, wherein the target sequence encodes a protein, the predicted function of which is selected from the group consisting of: DNA replication, cell cycle control, transcription, RNA processing, translation, ribosome function, tRNA synthesis, tRNA function, protein trafficking, secretion, protein modification, protein stability, protein degradation, energy production, mitochondrial function, intermediary metabolism, cell structure, signal transduction, endocytosis, ion regulation, egg production, reproduction, and transport, are also a part of the invention. In particular embodiments the nematode is selected from the group consisting of Meloidogyne spp. In more particular embodiments the nematode is Meloidogyne incognita. In some embodiments the polynucleotide functions upon being taken up by the plant-parasitic nematode to suppress a gene that performs a function essential for nematode survival, reproduction, or growth, said function being selected from the group consisting of DNA replication, cell cycle control, transcription, RNA processing, translation, ribosome function, tRNA synthesis, tRNA function, protein trafficking, secretion, protein modification, protein stability, protein degradation, energy production, mitochondrial function, intermediary metabolism, cell structure, signal transduction, endocytosis, ion regulation, egg production, and transport.

Another aspect of the invention is a method for reducing the number of root knot nematode (RKN) feeding sites established in the root tissue of a host plant, comprising providing in the host plant of a Meloidogyne sp. a transformed plant cell expressing a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, and SEQ ID NO:47, a fragment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of any of these polynucleotide sequences, and the complements thereof, wherein the polynucleotide is expressed to produce a double stranded ribonucleic acid that functions upon being taken up by the Meloidogyne sp. to inhibit the expression of a target sequence within said nematode and results in a decrease in the number of feeding sites established, relative to the number of feeding sites established on a host lacking the transformed plant cell.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method of controlling plant nematode pest infestation in a plant comprising providing in the diet of a plant nematode pest a dsRNA comprising: a) a sense nucleotide sequence; and b) an antisense nucleotide sequence complementary to the sense nucleotide sequence, wherein the sense nucleotide sequence comprises or is complementary to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, and SEQ ID NO:47, and the complements thereof. In one embodiment, the diet comprises a plant cell transformed to express the sense and the antisense nucleotide sequence.

The invention also relates to a method for improving the yield of a crop produced from a crop plant subjected to plant-parasitic nematode infection, said method comprising the steps of: a) introducing a polynucleotide as described herein into said crop plant; and b) cultivating the crop plant to allow the expression of said polynucleotide; wherein expression of the polynucleotide inhibits plant-parasitic nematode infection, growth, reproduction, or loss of yield due to plant-parasitic nematode infection. In certain embodiments the crop plant is selected from the group consisting of: corn, wheat, barley, rye, rice, potato, tomato, cucumber, pepper, clover, legume, soybean, pea, alfalfa, sugar cane, sugar beet, tobacco, carrot, cotton, rapeseed (canola), sunflower, safflower, sorghum, strawberry, banana, turf, and ornamental plants. In some embodiments, the expression of the polynucleotide produces an RNA molecule that suppresses at least a first target gene in a plant-parasitic nematode that has contacted a portion of said crop plant, wherein the target gene performs at least one essential function selected from the group consisting of DNA replication, cell cycle control, transcription, RNA processing, translation, ribosome function, tRNA synthesis, tRNA function, protein trafficking, secretion, protein modification, protein stability, protein degradation, energy production, mitochondrial function, intermediary metabolism, cell structure, signal transduction, endocytosis, ion regulation, egg production, reproduction, and transport. In certain embodiments the plant-parasitic nematode is a Tylenchid nematode. In particular embodiments the plant-parasitic nematode is a Meloidogyne sp. In even more particular embodiments the plant-parasitic nematode is Meloidogyne incognita.

Another aspect of the invention is a method for improving the osmotic stress tolerance of a crop plant subjected to plant-parasitic nematode infection, said method comprising the steps of, a) introducing a polynucleotide according to claim 1 into said crop plant; b) cultivating the crop plant to allow the expression of said polynucleotide; wherein expression of the polynucleotide improves the osmotic stress tolerance of the crop plant. In some embodiments the osmotic stress tolerance is defined as drought tolerance.

Yet another aspect of the invention is a method of producing a commodity product comprising obtaining a plant comprising at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleic acid sequence of any of: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, or SEQ ID NO:47, wherein uptake by a plant-parasitic nematode of a double stranded ribonucleotide sequence comprising at least one strand that is complementary to said fragment inhibits the growth of the nematode; and (b) a complement of the sequence of (a); or a part thereof, and preparing a commodity product from the plant or part thereof. The invention also relates to a method of producing food or feed, comprising obtaining such a plant, or a part thereof, and preparing food or feed from said plant or part thereof. In certain embodiments the food or feed is defined as oil, meal, protein, starch, flour or silage.

Yet another aspect of the invention is a method for modulating the expression of a target gene in a plant-parasitic nematode cell, the method comprising: (a) transforming a plant cell with a vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:47, and a fragment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of any of these sequences, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encodes a dsRNA and is operatively linked to a promoter and a transcription termination sequence; (b) culturing the transformed plant cell under conditions sufficient to allow for development of a plant cell culture comprising a plurality of transformed plant cells; (c) selecting for transformed plant cells that have integrated the nucleic acid sequence into their genomes; (d) screening the transformed plant cells for expression of the dsRNA encoded by the nucleic acid sequence; and (e) selecting a plant cell that expresses the dsRNA. A method further comprising regenerating a plant from the plant cell that expresses the dsRNA; whereby expression of the gene in the plant is sufficient to modulate the expression of a target gene in a plant-parasitic nematode cell that contacts the transformed plant or plant cell is another embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following is a detailed description of the invention provided to aid those skilled in the art in practicing the present invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art may make modifications and variations in the embodiments described herein without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention.

The present invention provides methods and compositions for genetic control of plant-parasitic nematode infestations, particularly for genetic control of Meloidogyne (root knot) nematode infestations of plants. Identification of genes essential in the lifecycle of a Meloidogyne plant-parasitic nematode and methods for their use as a target for dsRNA-mediated control of a nematode population are also provided. DNA plasmid vectors encoding dsRNA molecules are designed to suppress nematode genes essential for growth, development, feeding, or reproduction. For example, the present invention provides methods and recombinant DNA technologies for post-transcriptionally repressing or inhibiting expression of a target coding sequence in a plant-parasitic nematode to provide a protective effect by allowing the plant-parasitic nematode to ingest one or more double stranded or small interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules transcribed from all or a portion of a target coding sequence, thereby controlling the infection.

The present invention discloses nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the root knot plant nematode pests, Meloidogyne spp., from gene targets that are conserved and essential to the viability of the plant parasitic nematodes. This invention further describes the use of these sequences to modify the expression of one or more target polynucleotide or protein molecules in at least the cells of a Meloidogyne species by providing in its diet a dsRNA that comprises a part of, or all, or substantially all, of one or more polynucleotide molecules of the present invention. The high nucleotide conservation of these target root knot sequences facilitates the simultaneous targeting of multiple root knot nematode species with small numbers of dsRNA constructs while providing selectivity over similar or homologous human and plant sequences, and also provides selectivity over similar or homologous sequences present in other non-target organisms like beneficial insects (e.g., bees or butterflies).

An environmentally benign but effective alternative for controlling root knot nematodes is the use of RNA interference against essential nematode genes to control nematode infestation of plants. This is achieved through the transgenic expression of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) complementary to target nematode genes in plants. The complementarity of the dsRNA to a target gene may be perfect, i.e. 100%, in the sequence being targeted, or the sequence of the dsRNA may be substantially complementary, e.g. about 90% or 95% greater, along the sequence being targeted.

Therefore, the present invention relates to sequence-specific inhibition of expression of coding sequences using double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), including small interfering RNA (siRNA), to achieve the intended levels of root knot nematode control.

A method for inhibiting target gene function within the root knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp, is also provided by the present invention, and can be accomplished by RNA interference, resulting in disruption of the pathogen's lifecycle. Optimal target genes for disruption include life-cycle essential genes where disruption results in high penetrance death of the parasite populations or “genetic death” by blocking of reproduction with minimal feeding damage to the plant, reduction in number of established feeding sites, minimizing the number of eggs produced, minimizing the viablility of the eggs, and minimizing the number of viable escaping worms reaching the next generation. In particular embodiments, efficacy (i.e. inhibition of a target gene function) may be assayed by comparing the number of eggs produced by Meloidogyne nematodes subjected to the methods and compositions of the present invention, versus the number of eggs produced by Meloidogyne nematodes grown under similar conditions but not subjected to such methods and/or compositions. Another aspect of the present invention provides nucleic acids of target genes predicted to be essential to Meloidogyne spp. growth, and/or development, such as feeding or production of eggs. Features used to predict such targets include orthology to known C. elegans genes with strong and reproducible RNA interference phenotypes, orthology to RNAi validated genes in H. glycines (soybean cyst nematode) and expression pattern in Meloidogyne spp.

In yet another aspect of the present invention, a set of isolated and purified nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27 through SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, or SEQ ID NO:47, or a complement thereof, is provided. The present invention also provides a stabilized dsRNA molecule for the expression of one or more RNAs for inhibition of expression of a target gene in a plant-parasitic nematode, expressed from these sequences and fragments thereof. A stabilized dsRNA, including a dsRNA or siRNA molecule can comprise at least two transcribed sequences, e.g. coding sequences that are arranged in a sense and an antisense orientation relative to at least one promoter, wherein the nucleotide sequence that comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand are linked or connected by a spacer sequence of at least from about one to about one thousand nucleotides, wherein the sense strand and the antisense strand may be a different length, and wherein each of the two transcribed sequences shares at least 80% sequence identity, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity, to any one or more nucleotide sequence(s) set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27 through SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, or SEQ ID NO:47, or a complement thereof.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides recombinant DNA constructs comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a dsRNA molecule described herein. The dsRNA may be formed by transcription of one strand of the dsRNA molecule from a nucleotide sequence which is at least from about 80% to about 100% identical to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: a fragment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides, up to the full length, of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27 through SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, and SEQ ID NO:47, and a complement thereof. Such recombinant DNA constructs may be defined as producing dsRNA molecules capable of inhibiting the expression of endogenous target gene(s) in a plant-parasitic nematode cell upon ingestion. The construct may comprise a nucleotide sequence of the invention operably linked to a promoter sequence that functions in the host cell such as a plant cell. Such a promoter may be tissue-specific and may, for example, be specific to a tissue type which is the subject of plant-parasitic nematode attack. In the case of a root or foliar pathogen, respectively for example, it may be desired to use a promoter providing root or leaf-preferred expression, respectively.

Nucleic acid constructs in accordance with the invention may comprise at least one non-naturally occurring nucleotide sequence that can be transcribed into a single stranded RNA capable of forming a dsRNA molecule in vivo through intermolecular or intramolecular hybridization. Such dsRNA sequences self assemble and can be provided in the nutrition source of a plant-parasitic nematode to achieve the desired inhibition.

A recombinant DNA construct may comprise one or more different non-naturally occurring sequences which, when expressed in vivo as dsRNA sequences and provided in the tissues of the host plant of a plant-parasitic nematode, inhibit the expression of at least two different target genes in the plant-parasitic nematode. In certain embodiments, at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 or 10 or more different dsRNAs are produced in a cell, or plant comprising the cell, that have a nematode-inhibitory effect. The dsRNAs may be expressed from multiple constructs introduced in different transformation events or could be introduced on a single nucleic acid molecule. The dsRNAs may be expressed using a single promoter or multiple promoters. In one embodiment of the invention, single dsRNAs are produced that comprise nucleic acids homologous to multiple loci within a plant-parasitic nematode.

In still yet another aspect, the invention provides a recombinant host cell having in its genome at least one recombinant DNA sequence that is transcribed to produce at least one dsRNA molecule that functions when ingested by a plant-parasitic nematode to inhibit the expression of a target gene in the nematode. The dsRNA molecule may be encoded by any of the nucleic acids described herein and as set forth in the sequence listing. The present invention also provides a transformed plant cell having in its genome at least one recombinant DNA sequence described herein. Transgenic plants comprising such a transformed plant cell are also provided, including progeny plants of any generation, seeds, and plant products, each comprising the recombinant DNA. The dsRNA molecules of the present invention may be found in the transgenic plant cell, for instance in the cytoplasm. They may also be found in an apoplastic space.

Further provided by the invention is a fragment of a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27 through SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, and SEQ ID NO:47, and complements thereof. The fragment may be defined as causing the death, growth inhibition, reduced reproduction, or cessation of infestation or feeding by a Meloidogyne nematode, when expressed as a dsRNA and taken up by the nematode. The fragment may, for example, comprise at least about 19, 21, 23, 25, 40, 60, 80, 100, 125, 200, 250, 300, 400 or more contiguous nucleotides of, including the full length of, any one or more of the sequences in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27 through SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, or SEQ ID NO:47, or a complement thereof. One example of a beneficial DNA segment for use in the present invention is at least from about 19 to about 23, or about 23 to about 100 nucleotides, but less than about 2000 nucleotides, in length. Particularly useful will be dsRNA sequences including about 23 to about 300 nucleotides homologous to a nematode target sequence, including 19, 21, 23, 25, 40, 60, 80, 100, 125, 200, 250, 300, 400 or more contiguous nucleotides. The invention also provides a ribonucleic acid expressed from any of such sequences including a dsRNA. A sequence selected for use in expression of a gene suppression agent can be constructed from a single sequence derived from one or more target plant-parasitic nematode species and intended for use in expression of an RNA that functions in the suppression of a single gene or gene family in the one or more target pathogens, or that the DNA sequence can be constructed as a chimera from a plurality of DNA sequences.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for modulating expression of a target gene in a nematode cell, such as a cell of a Meloidogyne spp., the method comprising: (a) transforming a plant cell with a vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence operatively linked to a promoter and a transcription termination sequence, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encodes a dsRNA; (b) culturing the transformed plant cell under conditions sufficient to allow for development of a plant cell culture comprising a plurality of transformed plant cells; (c) selecting for transformed plant cells that have integrated the vector into their genomes; (d) screening the transformed plant cells for expression of the dsRNA encoded by the vector; (e) selecting a plant cell that expresses the dsRNA; (f) optionally regenerating a plant from the plant cell that expresses the dsRNA; whereby expression of the nucleic acid sequence in the plant is sufficient to modulate the expression of a target gene in a cell of a plant parasitic nematode that contacts the transformed plant or plant cell. Modulation of gene expression may include partial or complete suppression of such expression.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method for suppression of gene expression in a plant-parasitic nematode, comprising the provision in the tissue of the host of the nematode a gene-suppressive amount of at least one dsRNA molecule transcribed from a nucleotide sequence as described herein, at least one segment of which is complementary to an mRNA sequence within the cells of the plant-parasitic nematode. The method may further comprise observing the death, growth inhibition, or reduced reproduction of the plant-parasitic nematode, and the degree of host symptomatology. A dsRNA molecule, including its modified form such as an siRNA molecule, ingested by a pathogenic microorganism in accordance with the invention may, in one embodiment, be at least from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or about 100% identical to a RNA molecule transcribed from all or a portion of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27 through SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, and SEQ ID NO:47.

Isolated and substantially purified nucleic acid molecules including, but not limited to, non-naturally occurring nucleotide sequences and recombinant DNA constructs for transcribing dsRNA molecules of the present invention are therefore provided, which suppress or inhibit the expression of an endogenous coding sequence or a target coding sequence in the plant-parasitic nematode when introduced thereto. Transgenic plants that (a) contain nucleotide sequences encoding the isolated and substantially purified nucleic acid molecules and the non-naturally occurring recombinant DNA constructs for transcribing the dsRNA molecules for controlling plant-parasitic nematode infections, and (b) display resistance and/or enhanced tolerance to the infections, are also contemplated. Compositions containing the dsRNA nucleotide sequences of the present invention for use in topical applications onto plants or onto animals or into the environment of an animal to achieve the elimination or reduction of plant-parasitic nematode infection are also included.

cDNA sequences encoding proteins or parts of proteins essential for survival, such as amino acid sequences involved in various metabolic or catabolic biochemical pathways, cell division, reproduction, energy metabolism, digestion, and the like may be selected for use in preparing double stranded RNA molecules to be provided in the host plant of a plant-parasitic nematode. As described herein, ingestion of compositions by a target organism containing one or more dsRNAs, at least one segment of which corresponds to at least a substantially identical segment of RNA produced in the cells of the target pathogen, can result in the death or other inhibition of the target organism. These results indicate that a nucleotide sequence, either DNA or RNA, derived from a plant-parasitic nematode can be used to construct plant cells resistant to infestation by the nematode. The host plant of the nematode, for example, can be transformed to contain one or more of the nucleotide sequences derived from the nematode as provided herein. The nucleotide sequence transformed into the host may encode one or more RNAs that form into a dsRNA sequence in the cells or biological fluids within the transformed host, thus making the dsRNA available if/when the plant-parasitic nematode forms a nutritional relationship with the transgenic host. This may result in the suppression of expression of one or more genes in the cells of the plant-parasitic Meloidogyne spp. nematode and ultimately death or inhibition of its growth, development, or reproduction.

The present invention relates generally to genetic control of plant-parasitic nematodes in host organisms. More particularly, the present invention includes methods for delivery of nematode control agents to plant-parasitic nematodes. Such control agents cause, directly or indirectly, an impairment in the ability of the plant-parasitic nematode to feed, grow or otherwise cause disease in a target host. The present invention provides in one embodiment a method comprising delivery of stabilized dsRNA molecules to plant-parasitic nematodes as a means for suppression of targeted genes in the plant-parasitic nematode, thus achieving desired control of plant disease in the nematode host.

In accomplishing the foregoing, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting expression of a target gene in a plant-parasitic nematode, resulting in the impairment of growth, development, reproduction, and/or feeding, and eventually may result in the death of the plant-parasitic nematode. The method comprises in one embodiment introducing partial or fully stabilized double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) nucleotide molecules, including its modified forms such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequences, into a nutritional composition for the plant-parasitic nematode, and making the nutritional composition or food source available to the plant-parasitic nematode. Ingestion of the nutritional composition containing the double stranded or siRNA molecules results in the uptake of the molecules by the cells of the nematode, resulting in the inhibition of expression of at least one target gene in the cells of the nematode. Inhibition of the target gene exerts a deleterious effect upon the nematode. The methods and associated compositions may be used for limiting or eliminating infection or parasitization of a plant or plant cell by a nematode, in or on any host tissue or environment in which a the nematode is present by providing one or more compositions comprising the dsRNA molecules described herein in the host of the nematode.

In certain embodiments, dsRNA molecules provided by the invention comprise nucleotide sequences complementary to a sequence as set forth in any of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27 through SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, or SEQ ID NO:47, the inhibition of which in a plant-parasitic nematode results in the reduction or removal of a protein or nucleotide sequence agent that is essential for the nematode's growth and development, reproduction, or other biological function. The nucleotide sequence selected may exhibit from about 80% to about 100% sequence identity to one of the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, or SEQ ID NO:47, or a fragment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides thereof, up to the full length of the sequence, including the complement thereof. In certain other embodiments, DNA sequences capable of coding for efficacious dsRNA molecules are selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:27 through SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:46, and SEQ ID NO:47, or complement thereof. Such inhibition can be described as specific in that a nucleotide sequence from a portion of the target gene is chosen from which the inhibitory dsRNA or siRNA is transcribed. The method is effective in inhibiting the expression of at least one target gene and can be used to inhibit many different types of target genes in the plant-parasitic nematode.

The sequences identified as having a nematode-protective effect may be readily expressed as dsRNA molecules through the creation of appropriate expression constructs. For example, such sequences can be expressed as a hairpin and stem and loop structure by taking a first segment corresponding to a sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27 through SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, or SEQ ID NO:47, or a fragment thereof; linking this sequence to a second segment spacer region that is not homologous or complementary to the first segment; and linking this to a third segment that transcribes an RNA, wherein at least a portion of the third segment is substantially complementary to the first segment. Such a construct forms a stem and loop structure by hybridization of the first segment with the third segment and a loop structure forms comprising the second segment (WO94/01550, WO98/05770, US 2002/0048814A1, and US 2003/0018993A1). DsRNA may be generated for instance in the form of a double stranded structure such as a stem loop structure (e.g. hairpin), whereby production of siRNA targeted for a nematode sequence is enhanced by co-expression of a fragment of the targeted gene, for instance on an additional plant expressible cassette, that leads to enhanced siRNA production, or reduces methylation to prevent transcriptional gene silencing of the dsRNA hairpin promoter (e.g. WO05/019408).

Exemplary species of the Meloidogyne genus which are contemplated in this invention include M. arenaria, M. chitwoodi, M. artiellia, M. fallax, M. hapla, M. javanica, M. incognita, M. microtyla, M. partityla, M. panyuensis, and M. paranaensis. Other plant parasitic nematodes which can be found together with root knot nematode include Globodera, Pratylenchus, Paratrichodorus, Radopholus, Hoplolaimus, Ditylenchus, Dolichodorus, Helicotylenchus, Hirschmanniella, Xiphinema, Rotylenchulus, Trichodorus, Tylenchorhynchus, Belonolaimus and Longidorus among others.

The methods and compositions of the present invention may be applied to any monocot or dicot plant, depending on the pathogen (e.g. nematode) control desired. Exemplary plants protected by the present invention with root knot and other plant-parasitic nematodes species associated them include, but are not limited to, alfalfa: Meloidogyne hapla, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Pratylenchus spp., Paratylenchus spp., Xiphinema spp.; banana: M. incognita, M. arenaria, M. javanica, Radopholus similis, Helicotylenchus multicinctus, Pratylenchus coffeae, Rotylenchulus reniformis; beans and peas: Meloidogyne spp., Heterodera spp., Belonolaimus spp., Helicotylenchus spp., Rotylenchulus reniformis, Paratrichodorus anemones, Trichodorus spp.; cassava: Meloidogyne spp., Rotylenchulus reniformis; cereals: Meloidogyne naasi (barley, wheat, rye); chickpea: Meloidogyne spp., Heterodera cajani, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Hoplolaimus seinhorsti, Pratylenchus spp.; citrus: Meloidogyne spp., Tylenchulus semipenetrans, Radopholus similis, Radopholus citrophilus, Hemicycliophora arenaria, Pratylenchus spp., Bolonolaimus longicaudatus, Trichodorus spp., Paratrichodorus spp., Xiphinema spp.; clover: Meloidogyne spp., Heterodera trifolii; corn: Meloidogyne incognita, Pratylenchus spp., Paratrichodorus minor, Longidorus spp., Hoplolaimus columbus; cotton: Meloidogyne incognita, Belonolaimus longicaudatus, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Hoplolaimus galeatus, Pratylenchus spp., Tylenchorhynchus spp., Paratrichodorus minor; grapes: Meloidogyne spp., Xiphinema spp., Pratylenchus vulnus, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, Rotylenchulus reniformis; grasses: Pratylenchus spp., Longidorus spp., Paratrichodorus christiei, Xiphinema spp., Ditylenchus spp.; peanut: Meloidogyne hapla, Meloidogyne arenaria, Pratylenchus spp., Criconemella spp., Belonolaimus longicaudatus; pigeon pea: Meloidogyne spp., Heterodera cajani, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Hoplolaimus seinhorsti, Pratylenchus spp.; potato: Meloidogyne spp., Globodera rostochiensis, Globodera pallida, Pratylenchus spp., Trichodorus primitives, Ditylenchus spp., Paratrichodorus spp., Nacobbus aberrans; rice: Meloidogyne spp., Aphelenchiodes besseyi, Ditylenchus angustus, Hirchmanniella spp., Heterodera oryzae; small fruits: Meloidogyne spp.; Pratylenchus spp., Xiphinema spp., Longidorus spp., Paratrichodorus christiei, Aphelenchoides spp.; soybean: Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica, Heterodera glycines, Belonolaimus spp., Hoplolaimus columbus; sugar beet: Meloidogyne spp., Heterodera schachtii, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Nacobbus aberrans, Trichodorus spp., Longidorus spp., Paratrichodorus spp.; sugar cane: Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., Radopholus spp., Heterodera spp., Hoplolaimus spp., Helicotylenchus spp., Scutellonema spp., Belonolaimus spp., Tylenchorhynchus spp., Xiphinema spp., Longidorus spp., Paratrichodorus spp.; tobacco: Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., Tylenchorhynchus claytoni, Globodera tabacum, Trichodorus spp., Xiphinema americanum, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Paratrichodorus spp.; and tomato: Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp.

The various aspects of this invention are especially useful for transgenic plants having nematode resistance activity that include, without limitation, corn, cereals, including wheat, barley, rye, and rice, potato, tomato, cucumber, pepper, clovers, legumes, including soybeans (Glycine sp.), peas and alfalfa, sugar cane, sugar beets, tobacco, carrot, cotton (Gossypium sp.), rapeseed (canola), sunflower, safflower, sorghum, strawberry, banana, turf, and ornamentals among others.

The invention also provides combinations of methods and compositions for controlling infection by plant-parasitic nematodes. One means provides a dsRNA method as described herein for protecting plants from plant-parasitic nematodes along with one or more chemical agents that exhibit features different from those exhibited by the dsRNA methods and compositions, and can interfere with nematode growth, development, or reproduction.

A. Nucleic Acid Compositions and Constructs

The invention provides recombinant DNA constructs for use in achieving stable transformation of particular host targets. Transformed host targets may express effective levels of preferred dsRNA or siRNA molecules from the recombinant DNA constructs. Pairs of isolated and purified nucleotide sequences may be provided from cDNA library and/or genomic library information. The pairs of nucleotide sequences may be derived from any nematode for use as thermal amplification primers to generate the dsRNA and siRNA molecules of the present invention.

As used herein, the term “nucleic acid” refers to a single or double-stranded polymer of deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide bases read from the 5′ to the 3′ end. The “nucleic acid” may also optionally contain non-naturally occurring or altered nucleotide bases that permit correct read through by a polymerase and do not reduce expression of a polypeptide encoded by that nucleic acid. The term “nucleotide sequence” or “nucleic acid sequence” refers to both the sense and antisense strands of a nucleic acid as either individual single strands or in the duplex. The term “ribonucleic acid” (RNA) is inclusive of RNAi (inhibitory RNA), dsRNA (double stranded RNA), siRNA (small interfering RNA), shRNA (small hairpin RNA), mRNA (messenger RNA), miRNA (micro-RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA, whether charged or discharged with a corresponding acylated amino acid), and cRNA (complementary RNA) and the term “deoxyribonucleic acid” (DNA) is inclusive of cDNA and genomic DNA and DNA-RNA hybrids. The words “nucleic acid segment”, “nucleotide sequence segment”, or more generally “segment” will be understood by those in the art as a functional term that includes both genomic sequences, ribosomal RNA sequences, transfer RNA sequences, messenger RNA sequences, operon sequences and smaller engineered nucleotide sequences that express or may be adapted to express, proteins, polypeptides or peptides.

Provided according to the invention are nucleotide sequences, the expression of which results in an RNA sequence which is substantially homologous to all or part of an RNA molecule of a targeted gene in a plant-parasitic nematode that comprises an RNA sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence within the genome of the nematode. Thus, after ingestion of the stabilized RNA sequence down-regulation of the nucleotide sequence of the target gene in the cells of the plant-parasitic nematode may be obtained resulting in a deleterious effect on the growth, viability, proliferation, or reproduction of the nematode.

As used herein, the term “substantially homologous” or “substantial homology”, with reference to a nucleic acid sequence, includes a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the coding sequence of any of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27 through SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, or SEQ ID NO:47, as set forth in the sequence listing, or the complements thereof. Sequences that hybridize under stringent conditions to any of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27 through SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, or SEQ ID NO:47, or a complement thereof, are those that allow an antiparallel alignment to take place between the two sequences, and the two sequences are then able, under stringent conditions, to form hydrogen bonds with corresponding bases on the opposite strand to form a duplex molecule that is sufficiently stable under conditions of appropriate stringency, including high stringency, to be detectable using methods well known in the art. Substantially homologous sequences have generally from about 70% to about 80% sequence identity, or more particularly from about 80% to about 85% sequence identity, or still more particularly from about 90% to about 95% sequence identity, to about 99% sequence identity, to the referent nucleotide sequences as set forth in any of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27 through SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, or SEQ ID NO:47, in the sequence listing, or the complements thereof.

As used herein, the term “ortholog” refers to a gene in two or more species that has evolved from a common ancestral nucleotide sequence, and may retain the same function in the two or more species.

As used herein, the term “sequence identity”, “sequence similarity” or “homology” is used to describe sequence relationships between two or more nucleotide sequences. The percentage of “sequence identity” between two sequences is determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison, and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. A sequence that is identical at every position in comparison to a reference sequence is said to be identical to the reference sequence and vice-versa. A first nucleotide sequence when observed in the 5′ to 3′ direction is said to be a “complement” of, or complementary to, a second or reference nucleotide sequence observed in the 3′ to 5′ direction if the first nucleotide sequence exhibits complete complementarity with the second or reference sequence. As used herein, nucleic acid sequence molecules are said to exhibit “complete complementarity” when every nucleotide of one of the sequences read 5′ to 3′ is complementary to every nucleotide of the other sequence when read 3′ to 5′. A nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a reference nucleotide sequence will exhibit a sequence identical to the reverse complement sequence of the reference nucleotide sequence. These terms and descriptions are well defined in the art and are easily understood by those of ordinary skill in the art.

As used herein, a “comparison window” refers to a conceptual segment of at least 6 contiguous positions, usually about 50 to about 100, more usually about 100 to about 150, in which a sequence is compared to a reference sequence of the same number of contiguous positions after the two sequences are optimally aligned. The comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e. gaps) of about 20% or less as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences Those skilled in the art should refer to the detailed methods used for sequence alignment in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package Release 7.0, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Drive Madison, Wis., USA) or refer to Ausubel et al. (1998) for a detailed discussion of sequence analysis.

The present invention provides DNA sequences capable of being expressed as an RNA transcript in a cell or microorganism to inhibit target gene expression in a cell, tissue or organ of a plant-parasitic nematode. The sequences comprise a DNA molecule coding for one or more different nucleotide sequences, wherein each of the different nucleotide sequences comprises a sense nucleotide sequence and an antisense nucleotide sequence. The sequences may be connected by a spacer sequence coding for a portion of a dsRNA molecule of the present invention. The spacer sequence can constitute part of the sense nucleotide sequence or the antisense nucleotide sequence or an unrelated nucleotide sequence and forms within the dsRNA molecule between the sense and antisense sequences. The sense nucleotide sequence or the antisense nucleotide sequence is substantially identical to the nucleotide sequence of the target gene or a derivative thereof or a complementary sequence thereto. The dsDNA molecule may be placed operably under the control of a promoter sequence that functions in the cell, tissue or organ of the host expressing the dsDNA to produce dsRNA molecules. In certain embodiments, the DNA sequence may be derived from a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO: 27 through SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, or SEQ ID NO:47, or a complement thereof, in the sequence listing.

The invention also provides a DNA sequence for expression in a cell of a plant that, upon expression of the DNA to RNA and ingestion by a plant-parasitic nematode achieves suppression of a target gene in a cell, tissue or organ of a plant-parasitic nematode. The dsRNA may comprise one or multiple structural gene sequences, wherein each of the structural gene sequences comprises a sense nucleotide sequence and an antisense nucleotide sequence that may be connected by a spacer sequence that forms a loop within the complementary and antisense sequences. The sense nucleotide sequence or the antisense nucleotide sequence is substantially identical to the nucleotide sequence of the target gene, derivative thereof, or sequence complementary thereto. The one or more structural gene sequences may be placed operably under the control of one or more promoter sequences, at least one of which is operable in the cell, tissue or organ of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic organism, particularly a plant cell. Methods to express a gene suppression molecule in plants are known (e.g. US Publication 2006/0200878 A1), and may be used to express a nucleotide sequence of the present invention.

A gene sequence or fragment for plant-parasitic nematode control according to the invention may be cloned between two tissue specific promoters, such as two root specific promoters which are operable in a transgenic plant cell and therein expressed to produce mRNA in the transgenic plant cell that form dsRNA molecules thereto. Examples of root specific promoters are known in the art (e.g. the nematode-induced RB7 promoter; U.S. Pat. No. 5,459,252; Opperman et al. 1994). The dsRNA molecules contained in plant tissues are ingested by a plant-parasitic nematode so that the intended suppression of the target gene expression is achieved.

The cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, an archetypal strong promoter common in transgenic plant applications, or a related promoter such as the E35S or the FMV promoter, may be employed for driving nematode resistance genes, particularly for root knot nematodes (see Example 8). Promoters have also been identified that direct gene expression at nematode-induced feeding structures within a plant (e.g. Gheysen and Fenoll, 2002). Thus, a promoter identified from among genes that are reproducibly expressed in feeding sites may be utilized. Examples of genes up-regulated in feeding sites formed by nematodes include At10.1 expressed in root and shoot apical meristems (Mazarei et al. 2003), Hs1pro-1 (Thurau et al. 2003), AtSUC2 normally expressed in companion cells (Juergensen et al. 2003), At17.1 expressed in vascular tissues and root tips (Mazarei et al. 2004), FGAM synthase (phosphoribosylformyl-glycinamidine synthase) (Vaghchhipawala et al. 2004), and ABI3 (De Meutter et al. 2005), among others. Root knot giant cells have cell wall ingrowth morphology characteristic of transfer cells Therefore, gene expression in the phloem may also be suited for delivery of effector molecules into feeding sites.

A nucleotide sequence provided by the present invention may comprise an inverted repeat separated by a “spacer sequence.” The spacer sequence may be a region comprising any sequence of nucleotides that facilitates secondary structure formation between each repeat, where this is required. In one embodiment of the present invention, the spacer sequence is part of the sense or antisense coding sequence for mRNA. The spacer sequence may alternatively comprise any combination of nucleotides or homologues thereof that are capable of being linked covalently to a nucleic acid molecule. The spacer sequence may comprise, for example, a sequence of nucleotides of at least about 10-100 nucleotides in length, or alternatively at least about 100-200 nucleotides in length, at least 200-400 about nucleotides in length, or at least about 400-500 nucleotides in length.

The nucleic acid molecules or fragments of the nucleic acid molecules or other nucleic acid molecules in the sequence listing are capable of specifically hybridizing to other nucleic acid molecules under certain circumstances. As used herein, two nucleic acid molecules are said to be capable of specifically hybridizing to one another if the two molecules are capable of forming an anti-parallel, double-stranded nucleic acid structure. A nucleic acid molecule is said to be the complement of another nucleic acid molecule if they exhibit complete complementarity. Two molecules are said to be “minimally complementary” if they can hybridize to one another with sufficient stability to permit them to remain annealed to one another under at least conventional “low-stringency” conditions. Similarly, the molecules are said to be complementary if they can hybridize to one another with sufficient stability to permit them to remain annealed to one another under conventional “high-stringency” conditions. Conventional stringency conditions are described by Sambrook, et al. (1989), and by Haymes et al. (1985).

Departures from complete complementarity are therefore permissible, as long as such departures do not completely preclude the capacity of the molecules to form a double-stranded structure. Thus, in order for a nucleic acid molecule or a fragment of the nucleic acid molecule to serve as a primer or probe it needs only be sufficiently complementary in sequence to be able to form a stable double-stranded structure under the particular solvent and salt concentrations employed.

Appropriate stringency conditions which promote DNA hybridization are, for example, for applications requiring high selectivity, with relatively low salt and/or high temperature conditions, such as provided by about 0.02 M to about 0.15 M NaCl at temperatures of about 50° C. to about 70° C. A high stringency condition, for example, is to wash the hybridization filter at least twice with high-stringency wash buffer (0.2×SSC or 1×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 65° C.). Other conditions, such as 6.0× sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45° C., followed by a wash of 2.0×SSC at 50° C., are also known to those skilled in the art or can be found in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (1989). For example, the salt concentration in the wash step can be selected from a low stringency of about 2.0×SSC at 50° C. to a high stringency of about 0.2×SSC at 50° C. In addition, the temperature in the wash step can be increased from low stringency conditions at room temperature, about 22° C., to high stringency conditions at about 65° C. Both temperature and salt may be varied, or either the temperature or the salt concentration may be held constant while the other variable is changed. A nucleic acid for use in the present invention may specifically hybridize to one or more of nucleic acid molecules from a nematode or complements thereof under such conditions. In specific embodiments, a nucleic acid for use in the present invention will exhibit at least from about 80%, or at least from about 90%, or at least from about 95%, or at least from about 98%, or at least from about 99%, or even about 100% sequence identity with one or more nucleic acid molecules as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27 through SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, or SEQ ID NO:47, or a complement thereof, in the sequence listing.

Nucleic acids of the present invention may also be synthesized, either completely or in part, especially where it is desirable to provide plant-preferred sequences, by methods known in the art. Thus, all or a portion of the nucleic acids of the present invention may be synthesized using codons preferred by a selected host. Species-preferred codons may be determined, for example, from the codons used most frequently in the proteins expressed in a particular host species. Other modifications of the nucleotide sequences may result in mutants having slightly altered activity.

DsRNA or siRNA nucleotide sequences comprise double strands of polymerized ribonucleotide and may include modifications to either the phosphate-sugar backbone or the nucleoside. Modifications in RNA structure may be tailored to allow specific genetic inhibition. In one embodiment, the dsRNA molecules may be modified through an enzymatic process so that siRNA molecules may be generated. The siRNA can efficiently mediate the down-regulation effect for some target genes in some pathogens. This enzymatic process may be accomplished by utilizing an RNAse III enzyme or a DICER enzyme, present in the cells of an insect, a vertebrate animal, a fungus or a plant in the eukaryotic RNAi pathway (Elbashir et al., 2001; Hamilton and Baulcombe, 1999). This process may also utilize a recombinant DICER or RNAse III introduced into the cells of a target insect through recombinant DNA techniques that are readily known to the skilled in the art. Both the DICER enzyme and RNAse III, being naturally occurring in a pathogen or being made through recombinant DNA techniques, cleave larger dsRNA strands into smaller oligonucleotides. The DICER enzymes specifically cut the dsRNA molecules into siRNA pieces each of which is about 19-25 nucleotides in length while the RNAse III enzymes normally cleave the dsRNA molecules into 12-15 base-pair siRNA. The siRNA molecules produced by the either of the enzymes have 2 to 3 nucleotide 3′ overhangs, and 5′ phosphate and 3′ hydroxyl termini. The siRNA molecules generated by RNAse III enzyme are the same as those produced by Dicer enzymes in the eukaryotic RNAi pathway and are hence then targeted and degraded by an inherent cellular RNA-degrading mechanism after they are subsequently unwound, separated into single-stranded RNA and hybridize with the RNA sequences transcribed by the target gene. This process results in the effective degradation or removal of the RNA sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence of the target gene in the pathogen. The outcome is the silencing of a particularly targeted nucleotide sequence within the pathogen. Detailed descriptions of enzymatic processes can be found in Hannon (2002).

A nucleotide sequence of the present invention can be recorded on computer readable media. As used herein, “computer readable media” refers to any tangible medium of expression that can be read and accessed directly by a computer. Such media include, but are not limited to: magnetic storage media, such as floppy discs, hard disc, storage medium, and magnetic tape: optical storage media such as CD-ROM; electrical storage media such as RAM and ROM; optical character recognition formatted computer files, and hybrids of these categories such as magnetic/optical storage media. A skilled artisan can readily appreciate that any of the presently known computer readable mediums can be used to create a manufacture comprising computer readable medium having recorded thereon a nucleotide sequence of the present invention.

As used herein, “recorded” refers to a process for storing information on computer readable medium. A skilled artisan can readily adopt any of the presently known methods for recording information on computer readable medium to generate media comprising the nucleotide sequence information of the present invention. A variety of data storage structures are available to a skilled artisan for creating a computer readable medium having recorded thereon a nucleotide sequence of the present invention. The choice of the data storage structure will generally be based on the means chosen to access the stored information. In addition, a variety of data processor programs and formats can be used to store the nucleotide sequence information of the present invention on computer readable medium. The sequence information can be represented in a word processing text file, formatted in commercially-available software such as WordPerfect and Microsoft Word, or represented in the form of an ASCII text file, stored in a database application, such as DB2, Sybase, Oracle, or the like. The skilled artisan can readily adapt any number of data processor structuring formats (e.g. text file or database) in order to obtain computer readable medium having recorded thereon the nucleotide sequence information of the present invention.

Computer software is publicly available which allows a skilled artisan to access sequence information provided in a computer readable medium. Software that implements the BLAST (Altschul et al., 1990) and BLAZE (Brutlag, et al., 1993) search algorithms on a Sybase system can be used to identify open reading frames (ORFs) within sequences such as the Unigenes and EST's that are provided herein and that contain homology to ORFs or proteins from other organisms. Such ORFs are protein-encoding fragments within the sequences of the present invention and are useful in producing commercially important proteins such as enzymes used in amino acid biosynthesis, metabolism, transcription, translation, RNA processing, nucleic acid and a protein degradation, protein modification, and DNA replication, restriction, modification, recombination, and repair.

The present invention further provides systems, particularly computer-based systems, which contain the sequence information described herein. Such systems are designed to identify commercially important fragments of the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention. As used herein, “a computer-based system” refers to the hardware means, software means, and data storage means used to analyze the nucleotide sequence information of the present invention. The minimum hardware means of the computer-based systems of the present invention comprises a central processing unit (CPU), input means, output means, and data storage means. A skilled artisan can readily appreciate that any one of the currently available computer-based system are suitable for use in the present invention.

As used herein, “a target structural motif,” or “target motif,” refers to any rationally selected sequence or combination of sequences in which the sequences or sequence(s) are chosen based on a three-dimensional configuration that is formed upon the folding of the target motif. There are a variety of target motifs known in the art. Protein target motifs include, but are not limited to, enzymatic active sites and signal sequences. Nucleic acid target motifs include, but are not limited to, promoter sequences, cis elements, hairpin structures and inducible expression elements (protein binding sequences).

B. Recombinant Vectors and Host Cell Transformation

A recombinant DNA vector may, for example, be a linear or a closed circular plasmid. The vector system may be a single vector or plasmid or two or more vectors or plasmids that together contain the total DNA to be introduced into the genome of the bacterial host. In addition, a bacterial vector may be an expression vector. Nucleic acid molecules as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27 through SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, or SEQ ID NO:47, or complements or fragments thereof, can, for example, be suitably inserted into a vector under the control of a suitable promoter that functions in one or more microbial hosts to drive expression of a linked coding sequence or other DNA sequence. Many vectors are available for this purpose, and selection of the appropriate vector will depend mainly on the size of the nucleic acid to be inserted into the vector and the particular host cell to be transformed with the vector. Each vector contains various components depending on its function (amplification of DNA or expression of DNA) and the particular host cell with which it is compatible. The vector components for bacterial transformation generally include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: a signal sequence, an origin of replication, one or more selectable marker genes, and an inducible promoter allowing the expression of exogenous DNA.

Expression and cloning vectors generally contain a selection gene, also referred to as a selectable marker. This gene encodes a protein necessary for the survival or growth of transformed host cells grown in a selective culture medium. Typical selection genes encode proteins that (a) confer resistance to antibiotics or other toxins, e.g., ampicillin, neomycin, methotrexate, or tetracycline, (b) complement auxotrophic deficiencies, or (c) supply critical nutrients not available from complex media, e.g., the gene encoding D-alanine racemase for Bacilli. Those cells that are successfully transformed with a heterologous protein or fragment thereof produce a protein conferring drug resistance and thus survive the selection regimen.

An expression vector for producing a mRNA can also contain an inducible promoter that is recognized by a host bacterial organism and is operably linked to the nucleic acid. Inducible promoters suitable for use with bacterial hosts include β-lactamase promoter, E. coli λ phage PL and PR promoters, and E. coli galactose promoter, arabinose promoter, alkaline phosphatase promoter, tryptophan (trp) promoter, and the lactose operon promoter and variations thereof and hybrid promoters such as the tac promoter. However, other known bacterial inducible promoters are suitable.

The term “operably linked”, as used in reference to a regulatory sequence and a structural nucleotide sequence, means that the regulatory sequence causes regulated expression of the linked structural nucleotide sequence. “Regulatory sequences” or “control elements” refer to nucleotide sequences located upstream (5′ noncoding sequences), within, or downstream (3′ non-translated sequences) of a structural nucleotide sequence, and which influence the timing and level or amount of transcription, RNA processing or stability, or translation of the associated structural nucleotide sequence. Regulatory sequences may include promoters, translation leader sequences, introns, enhancers, stem-loop structures, repressor binding sequences, and polyadenylation recognition sequences and the like.

Construction of suitable vectors containing one or more of the above-listed components employs standard recombinant DNA techniques. Isolated plasmids or DNA fragments are cleaved, tailored, and re-ligated in the form desired to generate the plasmids required. Examples of available bacterial expression vectors include, but are not limited to, the multifunctional E. coli cloning and expression vectors such as Bluescript™ (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.), in which, for example, a nucleic acid, or fragment thereof may be ligated into the vector in frame with sequences for the amino-terminal Met and the subsequent 7 residues of β-galactosidase so that a hybrid protein is produced; pIN vectors (Van Heeke and Schuster, 1989); and the like.

The present invention also contemplates transformation of a nucleotide sequence of the present invention into a plant to achieve nematode-inhibitory levels of expression of one or more dsRNA molecules. A transformation vector can be readily prepared using methods available in the art. The transformation vector comprises one or more nucleotide sequences that is/are capable of being transcribed to an RNA molecule and that is/are substantially homologous and/or complementary to one or more nucleotide sequences encoded by the genome of the target nematode, such that upon uptake of the RNA transcribed from the one or more nucleotide sequences by the target plant-parasitic nematode, there is down-regulation of expression of at least one of the respective nucleotide sequences of the genome of the nematode.

The transformation vector may be termed a dsDNA construct and may also be defined as a recombinant molecule, a disease control agent, a genetic molecule or a chimeric genetic construct. A chimeric genetic construct of the present invention may comprise, for example, nucleotide sequences encoding one or more antisense transcripts, one or more sense transcripts, one or more of each of the aforementioned, wherein all or part of a transcript there from is homologous to all or part of an RNA molecule comprising an RNA sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence within the genome of a pathogen.

In one embodiment a plant transformation vector comprises an isolated and purified DNA molecule comprising a heterologous promoter operatively linked to one or more nucleotide sequences of the present invention. The nucleotide sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27 through SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, and SEQ ID NO:47, and complements thereof, as set forth in the sequence listing. The nucleotide sequence includes a segment coding all or part of an RNA present within a targeted nematode RNA transcript and may comprise inverted repeats of all or a part of a targeted nematode RNA. The DNA molecule comprising the expression vector may also contain a functional intron sequence positioned either upstream of the coding sequence or even within the coding sequence, and may also contain a five prime (5′) untranslated leader sequence (i.e., a UTR or 5′-UTR) positioned between the promoter and the point of translation initiation.

A plant transformation vector may contain sequences from more than one gene, thus allowing production of more than one dsRNA for inhibiting expression of two or more genes in cells of a target nematode. One skilled in the art will readily appreciate that segments of DNA whose sequence corresponds to that present in different genes can be combined into a single composite DNA segment for expression in a transgenic plant. Alternatively, a plasmid of the present invention already containing at least one DNA segment can be modified by the sequential insertion of additional DNA segments between the enhancer and promoter and terminator sequences. In the disease control agent of the present invention designed for the inhibition of multiple genes, the genes to be inhibited can be obtained from the same plant-parasitic nematode species in order to enhance the effectiveness of the control agent. In certain embodiments, the genes can be derived from different plant-parasitic nematodes in order to broaden the range of nematodes against which the agent(s) is/are effective. When multiple genes are targeted for suppression or a combination of expression and suppression, a polycistronic DNA element can be fabricated as illustrated and disclosed in US Publication No. US 2004-0029283.

Promoters that function in different plant species are also well known in the art. Promoters useful for expression of polypeptides in plants include those that are inducible, viral, synthetic, or constitutive as described in Odell et al. (1985), and/or promoters that are temporally regulated, spatially regulated, and spatio-temporally regulated. Promoters that may find use with the invention include the enhanced CaMV35S promoters, and the FMV35S promoter. A fragment of the CaMV35S promoter exhibiting root-specificity may also be beneficially used. For the purpose of the present invention, it may be desired to achieve the highest levels of expression of these genes within the root tissues of plants. A number of root-specific promoters have been identified and are known in the art (e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,110,732; 5,837,848; 5,459,252; Hirel et al. 1992).

A recombinant DNA vector or construct of the present invention may comprise a selectable marker that confers a selectable phenotype on plant cells. Selectable markers may also be used to select for plants or plant cells that contain the exogenous nucleic acids encoding polypeptides or proteins of the present invention. The marker may encode biocide resistance, antibiotic resistance (e.g., kanamycin, G418 bleomycin, hygromycin, etc.), or herbicide resistance (e.g., glyphosate, etc.). Examples of selectable markers include, but are not limited to, a neo gene which codes for kanamycin resistance and can be selected for using kanamycin, G418, etc., a bar gene which codes for bialaphos resistance; a mutant EPSP synthase gene which encodes glyphosate resistance; a nitrilase gene which confers resistance to bromoxynil; a mutant acetolactate synthase gene (ALS) which confers imidazolinone or sulfonylurea resistance; and a methotrexate resistant DHFR gene. Multiple selectable markers are available that confer resistance to ampicillin, bleomycin, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, hygromycin, kanamycin, lincomycin, methotrexate, phosphinothricin, puromycin, spectinomycin, rifampicin, and tetracycline, and the like. Examples of such selectable markers are illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,550,318; 5,633,435; 5,780,708 and 6,118,047.

A recombinant vector or construct of the present invention may also include a screenable marker. Screenable markers may be used to monitor expression. Exemplary screenable markers include a β-glucuronidase or uidA gene (GUS) which encodes an enzyme for which various chromogenic substrates are known (Jefferson et al., 1987); one or more of the various fluorescent proteins (FP) genes such as green fluorescent protein (GFP), red fluorescent protein (RFP) or any one of a large family of proteins which typically fluoresce at a characteristic wavelength; an R-locus gene, which encodes a product that regulates the production of anthocyanin pigments (red color) in plant tissues (Dellaporta et al., 1988); a β-lactamase gene (Sutcliffe et al., 1978), a gene which encodes an enzyme for which various chromogenic substrates are known (e.g., PADAC, a chromogenic cephalosporin); a luciferase gene (Ow et al., 1986) a xylE gene (Zukowski et al., 1983) which encodes a catechol dioxygenase that can convert chromogenic catechols; an α-amylase gene (Ikatu et al., 1990); a tyrosinase gene (Katz et al., 1983) which encodes an enzyme capable of oxidizing tyrosine to DOPA and dopaquinone which in turn condenses to melanin; an α-galactosidase, which catalyzes a chromogenic α-galactose substrate.

Examples of plant transformation vectors include those derived from a Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,536,475, 4,693,977, 4,886,937, 5,501,967 and EP 0 122 791). Agrobacterium rhizogenes plasmids (or “Ri”) are also useful and known in the art. Other plant transformation vectors include those disclosed, e.g., by Herrera-Estrella (1983); Bevan (1983), Klee (1985) and EP 0 120 516.

In general it may be desired to introduce a functional recombinant DNA at a non-specific location in a plant genome. In special cases it may be useful to insert a recombinant DNA construct by site-specific integration. Several site-specific recombination systems exist which are known to function in plants include cre-lox as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,959,317 and FLP-FRT as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,695.

Suitable methods for transformation of host cells for use with the current invention are believed to include virtually any method by which DNA can be introduced into a cell (see, for example, Miki et al., 1993), such as by transformation of protoplasts (U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,184; Omirulleh et al., 1993), by desiccation/inhibition-mediated DNA uptake (Potrykus et al., 1985), by electroporation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,253), by agitation with silicon carbide fibers (Kaeppler et al., 1990; U.S. Pat. No. 5,302,523; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,765), by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,563,055; 5,591,616; 5,693,512; 5,824,877; 5,981,840; 6,384,301) and by acceleration of DNA coated particles (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,015,580; 5,550,318; 5,538,880; 6,160,208; 6,399,861; 6,403,865; Padgette et al. 1995), etc. Through the application of techniques such as these, the cells of virtually any species may be stably transformed. In the case of multicellular species, the transgenic cells may be regenerated into transgenic organisms.

The most widely utilized method for introducing an expression vector into plants is based on the natural transformation system of Agrobacterium (for example, Horsch et al., 1985). A. tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes are plant pathogenic soil bacteria which genetically transform plant cells. The Ti and Ri plasmids of A. tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes, respectively, carry genes responsible for genetic transformation of the plant. Descriptions of Agrobacterium vector systems and methods for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer are provided by numerous references, including Gruber et al. 1993; Miki et al., 1993, Moloney et al., 1989, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,940,838 and 5,464,763. Other bacteria such as Sinorhizobium, Rhizobium, and Mesorhizobium that interact with plants naturally can be modified to mediate gene transfer to a number of diverse plants. These plant-associated symbiotic bacteria can be made competent for gene transfer by acquisition of both a disarmed Ti plasmid and a suitable binary vector (Broothaerts et al., 2005).

Methods for the creation of transgenic plants and expression of heterologous nucleic acids in plants in particular are known and may be used with the nucleic acids provided herein to prepare transgenic plants that exhibit reduced susceptibility to feeding by a target nematode. Plant transformation vectors can be prepared, for example, by inserting the dsRNA producing nucleic acids disclosed herein into plant transformation vectors and introducing these into plants. One known vector system has been derived by modifying the natural gene transfer system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The natural system comprises large Ti (tumor-inducing)-plasmids containing a large segment, known as T-DNA, which is transferred to transformed plants. Another segment of the Ti plasmid, the vir region, is responsible for T-DNA transfer. The T-DNA region is bordered by terminal repeats. In the modified binary vectors the tumor-inducing genes have been deleted and the functions of the vir region are utilized to transfer foreign DNA bordered by the T-DNA border sequences. The T-region may also contain a selectable marker for efficient recovery of transgenic plants and cells, and a multiple cloning site for inserting sequences for transfer such as a dsRNA encoding nucleic acid.

A transgenic plant formed using Agrobacterium transformation methods typically may contain a single simple recombinant DNA sequence inserted into one chromosome, referred to as a transgenic event. Such transgenic plants can be referred to as being heterozygous for the inserted exogenous sequence. A transgenic plant homozygous with respect to a transgene can be obtained by sexually mating (selfing) an independent segregant transgenic plant that contains a single exogenous gene sequence to itself, for example an F₀ plant, to produce F₁ seed. One fourth of the F₁ seed produced will be homozygous with respect to the transgene. Germinating F₁ seed results in plants that can be tested for heterozygosity, typically using a SNP assay or a thermal amplification assay that allows for the distinction between heterozygotes and homozygotes (i.e., a zygosity assay). Crossing a heterozygous plant with itself or another heterozygous plant results in heterozygous progeny, as well as homozygous transgenic and homozygous null progeny.

C. Nucleic Acid Expression and Target Gene Suppression

The present invention provides, as an example, a transformed host plant of a pathogenic target organism, transformed plant cells and transformed plants and their progeny. The transformed plant cells and transformed plants may be engineered to express one or more of the dsRNA or siRNA sequences, under the control of a heterologous promoter, described herein to provide a pathogen-protective effect. These sequences may be used for gene suppression in a pathogen, thereby reducing the level or incidence of disease caused by the pathogen on a protected transformed host organism. As used herein the words “gene suppression” are intended to refer to any of the well-known methods for reducing the levels of protein produced as a result of gene transcription to mRNA and subsequent translation of the mRNA.

Gene suppression is also intended to mean the reduction of protein expression from a gene or a coding sequence including posttranscriptional gene suppression and transcriptional suppression. Posttranscriptional gene suppression is mediated by the homology between of all or a part of a mRNA transcribed from a gene or coding sequence targeted for suppression and the corresponding double stranded RNA used for suppression, and refers to the substantial and measurable reduction of the amount of available mRNA available in the cell for binding by ribosomes or the prevention of translation by the ribosomes. The transcribed RNA can be in the sense orientation to effect what is called co-suppression, in the anti-sense orientation to effect what is called anti-sense suppression, or in both orientations producing a dsRNA to effect what is called RNA interference (RNAi).

Transcriptional suppression is mediated by the presence in the cell of a dsRNA gene suppression agent exhibiting substantial sequence identity to a promoter DNA sequence or the complement thereof to effect what is referred to as promoter trans suppression. Gene suppression may be effective against a native plant gene associated with a trait, e.g., to result in plants with reduced levels of a protein encoded by the native gene or with enhanced or reduced levels of an affected metabolite. Gene suppression can also be effective against target genes in a plant-parasitic nematode that may ingest or contact plant material containing gene suppression agents, specifically designed to inhibit or suppress the expression of one or more homologous or complementary sequences in the cells of the nematode. Posttranscriptional gene suppression by anti-sense or sense oriented RNA to regulate gene expression in plant cells is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,107,065, 5,759,829, 5,283,184, and 5,231,020. The use of dsRNA to suppress genes in plants is disclosed in WO 99/53050, WO 99/49029, U.S. Publication No. 2003/017596, U.S. Patent Application Publication 2004/0029283.

A beneficial method of post transcriptional gene suppression versus a plant-parasitic nematode employs both sense-oriented and anti-sense-oriented, transcribed RNA which is stabilized, e.g., as a hairpin or stem and loop structure. An example of a DNA construct for effecting post transcriptional gene suppression is one in which a first segment encodes an RNA exhibiting an anti-sense orientation exhibiting substantial identity to a segment of a gene targeted for suppression, which is linked to a second segment encoding an RNA exhibiting substantial complementarity to the first segment. Such a construct forms a stem and loop structure by hybridization of the first segment with the second segment and a loop structure from the nucleotide sequences linking the two segments (see WO94/01550, WO98/05770, US 2002/0048814, and US 2003/0018993). Co-expression with an additional target gene segment may also be employed, as noted above (e.g. WO05/019408).

According to one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a nucleotide sequence, for which in vitro expression results in transcription of a stabilized RNA sequence that is substantially homologous to an RNA molecule of a targeted gene in a plant-parasitic nematode that comprises an RNA sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence within the genome of the nematode. Thus, after the plant-parasitic nematode ingests the stabilized RNA sequence, a down-regulation of the nucleotide sequence corresponding to the target gene in the cells of a target nematode is effected.

In certain embodiments of the invention, expression of a fragment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO: 27 through SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, or SEQ ID NO:47, or complements thereof, may be utilized, including expression of a fragment of up to 21, 36, 60, 100, 550, or 1000 contiguous nucleotides, or sequences displaying 90-100% identity with such sequences, or their complements. In specific embodiments, a nucleotide provided by the invention may comprise a sequence selected from the group described in Table 4, including a location on such sequence spanning nucleotides as described in Table 4. In yet other embodiments, a nucleotide provided by the invention may be described as comprising one or more of nucleotides 1-21, 22-50, 51-100, 101-150, 151-200, 201-250, 251-300, 301-350, 351-400, 401-450, 451-500, 501-550, 551-600, 601-650, 651-700, 701-750, 751-800, 801-850, 851-900, 901-950, 951-1000, 1001-1050, 1051-1100, 1101-1150, 1151-1200, 1201-1250, 1251-1300, 1301-1350, 1351-1400, 1401-1450, 1451-1500, 1501-1550, 1551-1600, 1601-1650, 1651-1700, 1701-1750, 1751-1800, 1801-1850, 1851-1900, 1901-1950, 1951-2000, 2001-2050, 2051-2100, 23-75, 76-125, 126-175, 176-225, 226-275, 276-325, 326-375, 376-425, 426-475, 476-525, 526-575, 576-625, 626-675, 676-725, 726-775, 776-825, 826-875, 876-925, 926-975, 976-1025, 1026-1075, 1076-1125, 1126-1175, 1176-1225, 1226-1275, 1276-1325, 1326-1375, 1376-1425, 1426-1475, 1476-1525, 1526-1575, 1576-1625, 1626-1675, 1676-1725, 1726-1775, 1776-1825, 1826-1875, 1876-1925, 1926-1975, 1976-2025, 2026-2075, 2076-2125, 1-550, 200-750, 300-850, 400-950, 500-1050, 600-1150, 700-1250, 800-1350, 900-1450, 1000-1550, 1100-1650, 1200-1750, 1300-1850, 1400-1950, 1500-2050, up to the full length of the sequence, of one or more of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27 through SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, or SEQ ID NO:47. Methods for selecting specific sub-sequences as targets for siRNA-mediated gene suppression are known in the art (e.g. Reynolds et al., 2004).

Inhibition of a target gene using the stabilized dsRNA technology of the present invention is sequence-specific in that nucleotide sequences corresponding to the duplex region of the RNA are targeted for genetic inhibition. RNA containing a nucleotide sequences identical to a portion of the target gene transcript may in certain embodiments be beneficial for inhibition. RNA sequences with insertions, deletions, and single point mutations relative to the target sequence have also been found to be effective for inhibition. In performance of specific embodiments of the present invention, the inhibitory dsRNA and the portion of the target gene may share at least from about 80% sequence identity, or from about 90% sequence identity, or from about 95% sequence identity, or from about 99% sequence identity, or even about 100% sequence identity. Alternatively, the duplex region of the RNA may be defined functionally as a nucleotide sequence that is capable of hybridizing with a portion of the target gene transcript. A less than full length sequence exhibiting a greater homology compensates for a longer less homologous sequence. The length of the identical nucleotide sequences may be at least about 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 or at least about 1000 bases. Normally, a sequence of greater than 20-100 nucleotides may be desired, though a sequence of greater than about 200-300 nucleotides, and a sequence of greater than about 500-1000 nucleotides may particularly provide benefit depending on the size of the target gene. In one embodiment the invention has the advantage of being able to tolerate sequence variations that might be expected due to genetic mutation, strain polymorphism, or evolutionary divergence. The introduced nucleic acid molecule may not need to be absolutely homologous to the target sequence, and it may not need to be full length relative to either the primary transcription product or fully processed mRNA of the target gene. Therefore, those skilled in the art need to realize that, as disclosed herein, 100% sequence identity between the RNA and the target gene is not required to practice the present invention.

Inhibition of target gene expression may be quantified by measuring either the endogenous target RNA or the protein produced by translation of the target RNA and the consequences of inhibition can be confirmed by examination of the outward properties of the cell or organism. Techniques for quantifying RNA and proteins are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

In certain embodiments gene expression is inhibited by at least 10%, at least 33%, at least 50%, or least 80%. In further embodiments of the invention, gene expression is inhibited by at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or by at least 99% within cells in the pathogen so a significant inhibition takes place. Significant inhibition is intended to refer to sufficient inhibition that results in a detectable phenotype (e.g., cessation of growth, feeding, development, reduced reproduction, mortality, etc.) or a detectable decrease in RNA and/or protein corresponding to the target gene being inhibited. Although in certain embodiments of the invention inhibition occurs in substantially all cells of the plant-parasitic nematode, in other embodiments inhibition occurs in only a subset of cells expressing the gene.

DsRNA molecules may be synthesized either in vivo or in vitro. The dsRNA may be formed by a single self-complementary RNA strand or from two complementary RNA strands. Endogenous RNA polymerase of the cell may mediate transcription in vivo, or cloned RNA polymerase can be used for transcription in vivo or in vitro. Inhibition may be targeted by specific transcription in an organ, tissue, or cell type; stimulation of an environmental condition (e.g., infection, stress, temperature, chemical inducers); and/or engineering transcription at a developmental stage or age. The RNA strands may or may not be polyadenylated; the RNA strands may or may not be capable of being translated into a polypeptide by a cell's translational apparatus.

A RNA, dsRNA, siRNA, or miRNA of the present invention may be produced chemically or enzymatically by one skilled in the art through manual or automated reactions or in vivo in another organism. RNA may also be produced by partial or total organic synthesis; any modified ribonucleotide can be introduced by in vitro enzymatic or organic synthesis. The RNA may be synthesized by a cellular RNA polymerase or a bacteriophage RNA polymerase (e.g., T3, T7, SP6). The use and production of an expression construct are known in the art (see, for example, WO 97/32016; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,593,874, 5,698,425, 5,712,135, 5,789,214, and 5,804,693). If synthesized chemically or by in vitro enzymatic synthesis, the RNA may be purified prior to introduction into the cell. For example, RNA can be purified from a mixture by extraction with a solvent or resin, precipitation, electrophoresis, chromatography, or a combination thereof. Alternatively, the RNA may be used with no or a minimum of purification to avoid losses due to sample processing. The RNA may be dried for storage or dissolved in an aqueous solution. The solution may contain buffers or salts to promote annealing, and/or stabilization of the duplex strands.

For transcription from a transgene in vivo or an expression construct, a regulatory region (e.g., promoter, enhancer, silencer, and polyadenylation) may be used to transcribe the RNA strand (or strands). Therefore, in one embodiment, the nucleotide sequences for use in producing RNA molecules may be operably linked to one or more promoter sequences functional in a microorganism, a fungus or a plant host cell. Ideally, the nucleotide sequences are placed under the control of an endogenous promoter, normally resident in the host genome. The nucleotide sequence of the present invention, under the control of an operably linked promoter sequence, may further be flanked by additional sequences that advantageously affect its transcription and/or the stability of a resulting transcript. Such sequences are generally located upstream of the operably linked promoter and/or downstream of the 3′ end of the expression construct and may occur both upstream of the promoter and downstream of the 3′ end of the expression construct, although such an upstream sequence only is also contemplated.

As used herein, the term “disease control agent”, or “gene suppression agent” refers to a particular RNA molecule consisting of a first RNA segment and a second RNA segment linked by a third RNA segment. The first and the second RNA segments lie within the length of the RNA molecule and are substantially inverted repeats of each other and are linked together by the third RNA segment. The complementarity between the first and the second RNA segments results in the ability of the two segments to hybridize in vivo and in vitro to form a double stranded molecule, i.e., a stem, linked together at one end of each of the first and second segments by the third segment which forms a loop, so that the entire structure forms into a stem and loop structure, or even more tightly hybridizing structures may form into a stem-loop knotted structure. The first and the second segments correspond invariably, but not necessarily respectively, to a sense and an antisense sequence homologous with respect to the target RNA transcribed from the target gene in the target pathogen that is intended to be suppressed by the ingestion of the dsRNA molecule. The control agent can also be a substantially purified (or isolated) nucleic acid molecule and more specifically nucleic acid molecules or nucleic acid fragment molecules thereof from a genomic DNA (gDNA) or cDNA library. Alternatively, the fragments may comprise smaller oligonucleotides having from about 15 to about 250 nucleotide residues, and including about 15 to about 30 nucleotide residues.

As used herein, the term “genome” as it applies to cells of a plant-parasitic nematode or a host encompasses not only chromosomal DNA found within the nucleus, but organelle DNA found within subcellular components of the cell. The DNA's of the present invention introduced into plant cells can therefore be either chromosomally integrated or organelle-localized. The term “genome” as it applies to bacteria encompasses both the chromosome and plasmids within a bacterial host cell. The DNA's of the present invention introduced into bacterial host cells can therefore be either chromosomally integrated or plasmid-localized.

As used herein, the term “plant-parasitic nematode” refers to those nematodes that may infect, colonize, parasitize, or cause disease on host plant material transformed to express or coated with a double stranded gene suppression agent. As used herein, a “nematode resistance” trait is a characteristic of a transgenic plant, transgenic animal, or other transgenic host that causes the host to be resistant to attack from a nematode that typically is capable of inflicting damage or loss to the host. Such resistance can arise from a natural mutation or more typically from incorporation of recombinant DNA that confers plant-parasitic nematode resistance. To impart nematode resistance to a transgenic plant a recombinant DNA can, for example, be transcribed into a RNA molecule that forms a dsRNA molecule within the tissues or fluids of the recombinant plant. The dsRNA molecule is comprised in part of a segment of RNA that is identical to a corresponding RNA segment encoded from a DNA sequence within a plant-parasitic nematode that can cause disease on the host plant. Expression of the gene within the target plant-parasitic nematode is suppressed by the dsRNA, and the suppression of expression of the gene in the target plant-parasitic nematode results in the plant being resistant to the nematode.

The modulatory effect of dsRNA is applicable to a variety of genes expressed in the plant-parasitic nematode including, for example, endogenous genes responsible for cellular metabolism or cellular transformation, including houskeeping genes, transcription factors, molting-related genes, and other genes which encode polypeptides involved in cellular metabolism or normal growth and development.

As used herein, the phrase “inhibition of gene expression” or “inhibiting expression of a target gene in the cell of a plant-parasitic nematode” refers to the absence (or observable decrease in the level) of protein and/or mRNA product from the target gene. Specificity refers to the ability to inhibit the target gene without direct effects on other genes of the cell and without any direct effects on any gene within the cell that is producing the dsRNA molecule. The inhibition of gene expression of the target gene in the plant-parasitic nematode may result in novel phenotypic traits in the nematode.

The present invention provides in part a delivery system for the delivery of the nematode control agents by ingestion of host cells or the contents of the cells. In accordance with another embodiment, the present invention involves generating a transgenic plant cell or a plant that contains a recombinant DNA construct transcribing the stabilized dsRNA molecules of the present invention. As used herein, “taking up” refers to the process of an agent coming in contact with cells of a target organism, such as a nematode. This may occur, for instance, by nematode feeding, by soaking, or by injection. As used herein, the phrase “generating a transgenic plant cell or a plant” refers to the methods of employing the recombinant DNA technologies readily available in the art (e.g., by Sambrook, et al., 1989) to construct a plant transformation vector transcribing the stabilized dsRNA molecules of the present invention, to transform the plant cell or the plant and to generate the transgenic plant cell or the transgenic plant that contain the transcribed, stabilized dsRNA molecules.

It is envisioned that the compositions of the present invention can be incorporated within the seeds of a plant species either as a product of expression from a recombinant gene incorporated into a genome of the plant cells, or incorporated into a coating or seed treatment that is applied to the seed before planting. The plant cell containing a recombinant gene is considered herein to be a transgenic event.

The present invention provides in part a delivery system for the delivery of disease control agents to plant-parasitic nematodes. The stabilized dsRNA or siRNA molecules of the present invention may be directly introduced into the cells of a plant-parasitic nematode. Methods for introduction may include direct mixing of RNA with host tissue for the plant-parasitic nematode, as well as engineered approaches in which a species that is a host is engineered to express the dsRNA or siRNA. In one embodiment, the RNA may be sprayed onto a plant surface. In still another embodiment, the dsRNA or siRNA may be expressed by microorganisms and the microorganisms may be applied onto a plant surface or introduced into a root, stem by a physical means such as an injection. In still another embodiment, a plant may be genetically engineered to express the dsRNA or siRNA in an amount sufficient to kill the plant-parasitic nematodes known to infest the plant.

It is also anticipated that dsRNAs produced by chemical or enzymatic synthesis may be formulated in a manner consistent with common agricultural practices and used as spray-on products for controlling plant disease. The formulations may include the appropriate stickers and wetters required for efficient foliar coverage as well as UV protectants to protect dsRNAs from UV damage. Such additives are commonly used in the bioinsecticide industry and are well known to those skilled in the art. Such applications could be combined with other spray-on insecticide applications, biologically based or not, to enhance plant protection from plant-parasitic nematodes

The present invention also relates to recombinant DNA constructs for expression in a microorganism. Exogenous nucleic acids from which an RNA of interest is transcribed can be introduced into a microbial host cell, such as a bacterial cell or a fungal cell, using methods known in the art.

The nucleotide sequences of the present invention may be introduced into a wide variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganism hosts to produce the stabilized dsRNA or siRNA molecules. The term “microorganism” includes prokaryotic and eukaryotic species such as bacteria and fungi, as well as nematodes. Fungi include yeasts and filamentous fungi, among others. Illustrative prokaryotes, both Gram-negative and Gram-positive, include Enterobacteriaceae, such as Escherichia, Erwinia, and Serratia; Bacillaceae; Rhizobiaceae, such as Rhizobium; Spirillaceae, such as photobacterium, Zymomonas; Lactobacillaceae; Pseudomonadaceae, such as Pseudomonas and Acetobacter; Azotobacteraceae, Actinomycetales, and Nitrobacteraceae. Among eukaryotes are fungi, such as Phycomycetes and Ascomycetes, including Saccharomyces and Schizosaccharomyces; and Basidiomycetes, such as Rhodotorula, Aureobasidium, and the like.

D. Transgenic Plants and Cells

Hairy roots are characterized by fast growth, frequent branching, plagiotropism. Hairy roots serve as a strong model for whole roots, as they retain the ability to synthesize compounds similarly to the roots of the intact plant (David et al. 1984). Methods for transfer and integration of the genes located on the root-inducing plasmid Ri of Agrobacterium rhizogenes into the plant genome and their expression therein are well established (White and Nester, 1980). These types of roots continue to grow in vitro on hormone-free medium and also exhibit a high degree of genetic stability (Aird et al. 1988). The natural ability of the soil bacterium A. rhizogenes to transform genes into a host plant genome results in roots being formed at the site of infection, and is used to produce hairy root cultures. Infection of the plant with A. rhizogenes strain R-1000, leads to the integration and expression of T-DNA in the plant genome, which causes development of a hairy roots. Hairy root cultures grow rapidly, show plagiotropic root growth and are highly branched on hormone-free medium. Transgenic hairy roots induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes support the complete life cycle of root knot nematodes (“RKN”; Meloidogyne spp.) in vitro, and allow the rapid growth of tissue on a large scale which can be used for the identification and isolation of genes of interest. Hairy roots were initiated from soybean or tomato plants as described below, and in accordance with knowledge in the art.

The present invention provides seeds and plants having one or more transgenic events. Combinations of events are referred to as “stacked” transgenic events. These stacked transgenic events can be events that are directed at the same target organism, or they can be directed at different target pathogens or pests. In one embodiment, a seed having the ability to express a nucleic acid provided herein also has the ability to express at least one other agent, including, but not limited to, an RNA molecule the sequence of which is derived from the sequence of an RNA expressed in a target pathogen such as a nematode and that forms a double stranded RNA structure upon expressing in the seed or cells of a plant grown from the seed, wherein the ingestion of one or more cells of the plant by the target results in the suppression of expression of the RNA in the cells of the target.

In certain embodiments, a seed having the ability to express a dsRNA the sequence of which is derived from a target plant-parasitic nematode also has a “stacked” transgenic event that provides herbicide tolerance. One beneficial example of a herbicide tolerance gene provides resistance to glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine, including the isopropylamine salt form of such herbicide.

Benefits provided by the present invention may include, but are not limited to: the ease of introducing dsRNA into the plant-parasitic nematode cells, the low concentration of dsRNA which can be used, the stability of dsRNA, and the effectiveness of the inhibition. The ability to use a low concentration of a stabilized dsRNA avoids several disadvantages of anti-sense interference. The present invention is not limited to in vitro use or to specific sequence compositions, to a particular set of target genes, a particular portion of the target gene's nucleotide sequence, or a particular transgene or to a particular delivery method, as opposed to the some of the available techniques known in the art, such as antisense and co-suppression. Furthermore, genetic manipulation becomes possible in organisms that are not classical genetic models.

In order to achieve selective inhibition of a target gene within a plant-parasitic nematode species that it is desired to control, the target gene should generally exhibit a low degree of sequence identity with corresponding genes in a plant or a vertebrate animal. In specific embodiments the degree of the sequence identity is less than approximately 80%, including less than approximately 70%, and less than approximately 60%.

In addition to direct transformation of a plant with a recombinant DNA construct, transgenic plants can be prepared by crossing a first plant having a recombinant DNA construct with a second plant lacking the construct. For example, recombinant DNA for gene suppression can be introduced into first plant line that is amenable to transformation to produce a transgenic plant that can be crossed with a second plant line to introgress the recombinant DNA for gene suppression into the second plant line.

The present invention can be, in practice, combined with other disease control traits in a plant to achieve desired traits for enhanced control of plant disease. Combining disease control traits that employ distinct modes-of-action can provide protected transgenic plants with superior durability over plants harboring a single control trait because of the reduced probability that resistance will develop in the field.

The invention also relates to commodity products containing one or more of the sequences of the present invention, and produced from a recombinant plant or seed containing one or more of the nucleotide sequences of the present invention are specifically contemplated as embodiments of the present invention. A commodity product containing one or more of the sequences of the present invention is intended to include, but not be limited to, meals, oils, crushed or whole grains or seeds of a plant, or any food product comprising any meal, oil, or crushed or whole grain of a recombinant plant or seed containing one or more of the sequences of the present invention. The detection of one or more of the sequences of the present invention in one or more commodity or commodity products contemplated herein is defacto evidence that the commodity or commodity product is composed of a transgenic plant designed to express one or more of the nucleotides sequences of the present invention for the purpose of controlling plant disease using dsRNA mediated gene suppression methods.

E. Obtaining Nucleic Acids

The present invention provides methods for obtaining a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence for producing a dsRNA or siRNA. In one embodiment, such a method comprises: (a) analyzing one or more target gene(s) for their expression, function, and phenotype upon dsRNA-mediated gene suppression in a nematode; (b) probing a cDNA or gDNA library with a hybridization probe comprising all or a portion of a nucleotide sequence or a homolog thereof from a targeted nematode that displays an altered, e.g. reduced, nematode growth, development, or reproduction phenotype in a dsRNA-mediated suppression analysis; (c) identifying a DNA clone that hybridizes with the hybridization probe; (d) isolating the DNA clone identified in step (b); and (e) sequencing the cDNA or gDNA fragment that comprises the clone isolated in step (d) wherein the sequenced nucleic acid molecule transcribes all or a substantial portion of the RNA nucleotide acid sequence or a homolog thereof.

In another embodiment, a method of the present invention for obtaining a nucleic acid fragment comprising a nucleotide sequence for producing a substantial portion of a dsRNA or siRNA comprises: (a) synthesizing a first and a second oligonucleotide primers corresponding to a portion of one of the nucleotide sequences from a targeted pathogen; and (b) amplifying a cDNA or gDNA insert present in a cloning vector using the first and second oligonucleotide primers of step (a) wherein the amplified nucleic acid molecule transcribes a substantial portion of the a substantial portion of a dsRNA or siRNA of the present invention.

In practicing the present invention, a target gene may be derived from M. incognita or another nematode. It is contemplated that several criteria may be employed in the selection of target genes. The Meloidogyne spp. gene may be one which has a C. elegans ortholog with a high likelihood for a strong phenotype upon RNAi knockdown of expression, including a P0 phenotype. Such targets are often those with protein products involved in core cellular processes such as DNA replication, cell cycle, transcription, RNA processing, translation, protein trafficking, secretion, protein modification, protein stability and degradation, energy production, intermediary metabolism, cell structure, signal transduction, channels and transporters, and endocytosis. In certain embodiments it is advantageous to select a gene for which a small drop in expression level results in deleterious effects for the pathogen. Of particular interest are Meloidogyne genes with RNAi validated orthologs in other tylenchid nematodes (e.g., soybean cyst nematode).

As used herein, the term “derived from” refers to a specified nucleotide sequence that may be obtained from a particular specified source or species, albeit not necessarily directly from that specified source or species.

In one embodiment, a gene is selected that is essentially involved in the growth, development, or reproduction of a plant-parasitic nematode. Other target genes for use in the present invention may include, for example, those that play important roles in nematode viability, growth, development, infectivity, and establishment of feeding sites. These target genes may be one of the house keeping genes, transcription factors and the like. Additionally, the nucleotide sequences for use in the present invention may also be derived from homologs, including orthologs, of plant, viral, bacterial or insect genes whose functions have been established from literature and the nucleotide sequences of which share substantial similarity with the target genes in the genome of a target nematode. According to one aspect of the present invention for nematode control, the target sequences may essentially be derived from the targeted plant-parasitic nematode. Some of the exemplary target sequences cloned from a nematode that encode proteins or fragments thereof which are homologues or orthologs of known proteins may be found in the Sequence Listing, for instance in SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, and SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, and SEQ ID NO:47.

For the purpose of the present invention, the dsRNA or siRNA molecules may be obtained by polymerase chain (PCR) amplification of a target gene sequences derived from a gDNA or cDNA library or portions thereof. The DNA library may be prepared using methods known to the ordinary skilled in the art and DNA/RNA may be extracted. Genomic DNA or cDNA libraries generated from a target organism may be used for PCR amplification for production of the dsRNA or siRNA.

The target gene sequences may be then be PCR amplified and sequenced using the methods readily available in the art. One skilled in the art may be able to modify the PCR conditions to ensure optimal PCR product formation. The confirmed PCR product may be used as a template for in vitro transcription to generate sense and antisense RNA with the included minimal promoters. In one embodiment, the present invention comprises isolated and purified nucleotide sequences that may be used as plant-parasitic nematode control agents. The isolated and purified nucleotide sequences may comprise those as set forth in the sequence listing.

As used herein, the phrase “coding sequence”, “structural nucleotide sequence” or “structural nucleic acid molecule” refers to a nucleotide sequence that is translated into a polypeptide, usually via mRNA, when placed under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences. The boundaries of the coding sequence are determined by a translation start codon at the 5′-terminus and a translation stop codon at the 3′-terminus. A coding sequence can include, but is not limited to, genomic DNA, cDNA, EST and recombinant nucleotide sequences.

The term “recombinant DNA” or “recombinant nucleotide sequence” refers to DNA that contains a genetically engineered modification through manipulation via mutagenesis, restriction enzymes, and the like.

For many of the plant-parasitic nematodes that are potential targets for control by the present invention, there may be limited information regarding the sequences of most genes or the phenotype resulting from mutation of particular genes. Therefore, it is contemplated that selection of appropriate genes for use in the present invention may be accomplished through use of information available from study of the corresponding genes in a model organism such in C. elegans, in which the genes have been characterized, according to the analysis described in Examples 1-8. In some cases it will be possible to obtain the sequence of a corresponding gene from a target nematode by searching databases such as GenBank using either the name of the gene or the sequence from, for example, a nematode from which the gene has been cloned. Once the sequence is obtained, PCR may be used to amplify an appropriately selected segment of the gene in the target nematode for use in the present invention. PCR primers may be designed based on the sequence as found in another organism from which the gene has been cloned. The primers are designed to amplify a DNA segment of sufficient length for use in the present invention. DNA (either genomic DNA or cDNA) is prepared from the target plant-parasitic nematode, and the PCR primers are used to amplify the DNA segment. Amplification conditions are selected so that amplification will occur even if the primers do not exactly match the target sequence. Alternately, the gene (or a portion thereof) may be cloned from a gDNA or cDNA library prepared from a plant-parasitic nematode species, using the known gene as a probe. Techniques for performing PCR and cloning from libraries are known. Further details of the process by which DNA segments from target plant-parasitic nematodes species may be isolated based on the sequence of genes previously cloned from other species are provided in the Examples. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that a variety of techniques may be used to isolate gene segments from plant-parasitic nematodes that correspond to genes previously isolated from other species.

EXAMPLES

The inventors herein have identified a means for controlling plant-parasitic nematodes by providing double stranded ribonucleic acid molecules to plant-parasitic nematodes, and a means to select sequences that encode these double stranded ribonucleic acid molecules. Double stranded ribonucleic acid molecules that function upon ingestion to inhibit a biological function in a nematode may result, for example, in one or more of the following attributes: reduction in growth of a nematode, inhibition of development of a nematode, or reduction of viability or egg production. Any one or any combination of these attributes can result in an effective inhibition of plant infection or colonization, and in the case of a plant pathogenic nematode, inhibition of plant disease, and/or reduction in severity of disease symptoms.

Example 1 Hairy Root Generation Protocols

For soybean A3244 (susceptible) or P188788 (resistant) hairy roots, A. rhizogenes strain K599 (NCPPB 2659; NCPPB, Sand Hutton, York, UK) was grown and maintained on LB (Luria Bertani), or yeast extract and peptone (YEP) media. Yeast extract is the water-soluble portion of autolyzed yeast. The autolysis is carefully controlled to preserve naturally occurring B-complex vitamins. Yeast extract is typically prepared by growing baker's yeast, Saccharomyces spp., in a carbohydrate-rich plant medium. The yeast is harvested, washed, and resuspended in water, where it undergoes autolysis, i.e., self-digestion using the yeast's enzymes. Yeast extract is the total soluble portion of this autolytic action. The autolytic activity is stopped by a heating step. The resulting yeast extract is filtered clear and dried into a powder by spray drying. Methods for generation of transgenic tomato Mountain Spring (susceptible) or Fresh Mountain Plus (resistant) hairy root cultures using A. rhizogenes strain D1 are similar, except that MgL media containing yeast extract, NaCl, tryptone, L-glutamic acid, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate and biotin is used. Soybean seeds were surface-sterilized by contacting with chlorine gas under controlled conditions for 12-16 hours, followed by aeration in a clean air hood for at least 30 minutes. Seeds were germinated in Petri dishes containing ¼ MS (Murashige & Skoog, 1962). The hypocotyl or cotyledons of 6-day-old seedlings were wounded using a scalpel, and wounded cotyledons were then immersed in a culture of freshly grown A. rhizogenes containing a DNA construct of interest, and vacuum infiltrated. Cotyledons were cultured under similar conditions used for seed germination with the exception that the antibiotic cefotaxime is added to the ¼ MS agar plates to prevent subsequent overgrowth by A. rhizogenes. Adventitious roots were excised from hypocotyls or cotyledons inoculated with A. rhizogenes. The putative transformed roots were cultured on Gamborg's B-5 agar (Gamborg et al., 1976) containing 3% sucrose plus 3 g/l Gelrite®, BASTA, and cefotaxime). Roots surviving selection were transferred to fresh media and maintained on Gamborg's B-5 agar in an incubator, without light, at about 24-30° C. A piece of root tip was typically excised and transferred to fresh medium every 2-4 weeks.

Example 2 Nematode Bioassays on Hairy Root Material

Following hairy root line selection, roots for plant nematode bioassays were transferred to fresh plates containing Gamborg's B-5 medium and allowed to grow for approximately two weeks to provide sufficient tissue for nematode infection before inoculation with second-stage juveniles of root knot nematode (RKN). Individual hairy root tips were placed on infection plates. Typically, about 20 plates were used for pathogenicity testing of transformed roots for reaction to SCN or RKN. Each plate contained a transformed root from a separate integration. An additional 20 plates containing a transformed (empty vector) SCN-susceptible or RKN-susceptible control and an additional 20 plates containing a transformed SCN-resistant or RKN-resistant control were included in the tests. The protocol utilized was essentially that of Narayanan et al., 1999, with minor modifications. Plates were inoculated with approximately 450 sterile M. incognita J2s and incubated at 26-28° C. Approximately two weeks after inoculation with M. incognita, infected soybean hairy roots were removed from the agar plates and the number of galls was counted. Gall scores were weighted estimates based on size, in view of a rating scale as follows: the smallest galls were given a score of 1 and as the galled areas become larger the gall score increases. An example of the gall rating scale is shown in FIG. 2. The 1-4 scale was then used to rate each gall on each plate in the experiment.

Egg numbers were also scored at 42 days for RKN infections in tomato hairy roots (e.g. see Table 4). At 42 days post infection plates were microwaved and sieved to collect the roots. The roots were then blended in a 10% bleach solution and poured over a series of sieves to remove the root debris and collect the eggs. Eggs were removed from each plate and counted, and the roots were weighed.

Sterile SCN and RKN larvae were prepared for use with the hairy root culture system. Sterile SCN J2s were produced as follows: clean soybean cyst nematode eggs (i.e., eggs with soil and other debris removed) were collected and placed in a 50 ml centrifuge vial containing 30 ml of a 10% bleach solution. The bleach solution was mildly agitated and then left to settle for 2-3 minutes. The vial was mildly agitated again to re-suspend the eggs and then centrifuged for 1 minute at 1000 rpm. Under a sterile hood, the bleach solution was removed into a receptacle and 25 ml of sterile water is added into the vial of eggs. The vial was recapped under the sterile hood, mildly agitated to re-suspend the eggs and centrifuged for 1 minute at 1000 rpm. Under the sterile hood, this liquid was poured off and 25 ml of sterile water was again placed in the vial. The vial was recapped under the sterile hood and the process of agitation and centrifugation repeated. This process of washing the eggs with sterile water was repeated approximately 4 times to thoroughly rinse the bleach from the eggs. Following the last rinse under the sterile hood the liquid was removed leaving about 1-2 ml of egg concentrate. Sterilized eggs were hatched by incubating them on the surface of moist filter paper resting in a solution of 5 mM zinc sulfate just deep enough to cover the surface of the filter paper. After 2-3 days J2 larvae were collected in the solution underneath the filter paper. J2s are centrifuged and further sterilized using chlorhexidine (Atkinson et al., 1996).

Sterile RKN larvae were prepared by collecting eggs by placing chopped RKN infected roots into a blender with a sufficient quantity of 10% bleach solution. The blender was pulsed on/off for 5 second intervals. This process was repeated 5-6 times. The root slurry was then passed through a series of sieves where the eggs and small debris were collected in a 500 micron sieve. Any remaining bleach solution was thoroughly rinsed from this egg/debris. Twenty milliliters of the egg/debris was added to a 50 ml conical tube and 20 ml of a 40% sucrose solution was added into the bottom of the tube, bringing the total volume to 40 milliliters. This solution was then centrifuged at 3750 rpm for 5 minutes to separate the eggs from the debris. After centrifugation, the eggs were removed and thoroughly rinsed to remove any remaining sucrose solution. Eggs were then placed into a hatch bowl containing filter paper moistened with just enough aerated tap water to cover the eggs. After 1-2 days J2 larvae were collected in the solution underneath the filter paper. J2 larvae were centrifuged and further sterilized using chlorhexidine (Atkinson et al., 1996).

Example 3 Root Knot Nematode Target Genes Suitable for Broad Spectrum Control of Meloidogyne Species Through RNA Interference

Table 1 describes essential nematode gene nucleotide sequences (predicted or encoded polypeptides are listed in Table 2) with high nucleotide conservation that facilitate RNAi-based broad spectrum control of Meloidogyne spp. These sequences nonetheless have sufficient nucleotide divergence from essential genes in non-target organisms such as humans, the host plant and beneficial insects to reduce the likelihood of toxicity to these other organisms if exposed to the nematode dsRNAs.

To identify M. incognita orthologs of characterized C. elegans genes, homology searches were performed using the BLAST suite of programs (Altschul et al., 1990). Using predicted protein sequences for C. elegans genes (Wormpep) TBLASTN was used to search both H. glycines clustered ESTs and other sequences available from Genbank as well as recently generated proprietary genome survey sequences. Bitscore, e-value, and % identity were tracked. For consideration as a target, a C. elegans gene had to have a TBLASTN match to an ortholog or homolog in M. incognita with an e-value of at least e-10 or better. RKN genes having SCN RNAi positive orthologs were given high priority.

TABLE 1 Nucleotide root knot nematode target sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 M. incognita top1 cDNA 2238 nucleotide cDNA homolog of C. elegans M01E5.5b SEQ ID NO: 3 M. incognita let767 cDNA 954 nucleotide cDNA homolog of C. elegans C56G2.6 SEQ ID NO: 5 M. incognita sec61a cDNA 1422 nucleotide cDNA homolog of C. elegans Y57G11C.15 SEQ ID NO: 7 M. incognita transketolase cDNA 1848 nucleotide cDNA homolog of C. elegans F01G10.1 SEQ ID NO: 9 M. incognita pas4 cDNA 738 nucleotide cDNA homolog of C. elegans C36B1.4 SEQ ID NO: 11 M. incognita kin2 cDNA 1119 nucleotide cDNA homolog of C. elegans R07E4.6 SEQ ID NO: 13 M. incognita cgh1 partial cDNA 993 nucleotide partial cDNA homolog of C. elegans C07H6.5 SEQ ID NO: 15 M. incognita uba1 cDNA 3222 nucleotide cDNA homolog of C. elegans C47E12.5 SEQ ID NO: 17 M. incognita vha13 cDNA 1713 nucleotide cDNA homolog of C. elegans Y49A3A.2 SEQ ID NO: 19 M. incognita vha19 partial cDNA 827 nucleotide partial cDNA homolog of C. elegans Y55H10A.1 SEQ ID NO: 21 M. incognita noah1 cDNA 3507 nucleotide cDNA homolog of C. elegans C34G6.6 SEQ ID NO: 23 M. incognita pas6 cDNA 815 nucleotide mRNA homolog of C. elegans CD4.6 SEQ ID NO: 25 M. incognita T26G10.1 partial 690 nucleotide partial cDNA homolog of C. elegans cDNA T26G10.1 SEQ ID NO: 40 M. incognita vha19 cDNA 1008 nucleotide cDNA homolog of C. elegans Y55H10A.1 SEQ ID NO: 42 M. incognita T26G10.1 additional 1102 nucleotide partial cDNA homolog of C. elegans partial cDNA T26G10.1 SEQ ID NO: 44 M. incognita vha15 partial cDNA 261 nucleotide partial cDNA ortholog of C. elegans T14F9.1 SEQ ID NO: 46 M. incognita vha19 partial 705 nucleotide partial cDNA of C. elegans Y55H10A.1, sequence with AscI/AsiSI restriction sites

The sequences listed in Table 1 were compared to similar (e.g. orthologous or homologous) EST and other sequences in various Meloidogyne spp. as follows:

SEQ ID NO:1 comparison: Meloidogyne ESTs, M. javanica gb|BI324357.1| (98% identity, 1630-2138), M. arenaria gb|BI747188.1| (99% identity, 1687-2157), M. hapla gb|BM884829.1| (92% identity, 947-1461), M. incognita gb|BM882920.1| (98% identity, 1880-2131), M. chitwoodi gb|CB933476.1| (87%, 1707-2060; 94%, 2166-2239).

SEQ ID NO:3 comparison: Meloidogyne ESTs, M. incognita gb|CF980444.1| (99% identity, 1-662), M. incognita gb|CF980487.1| (98% identity, 24-654), M. incognita gb|CK984584.1| (94% identity, 1-662), M. incognita gb|CK984580.1| (94% identity, 1-692), M. incognita gb|CK984571.1| (94% identity, 1-691), M. incognita gb|CK984607.1| (95% identity, 1-633), M. incognita gb|CF980817.1| (94% identity, 1-633), M. incognita gb|CK983672.1| (95% identity, 44-626), M. incognita gb|CN443018.1| (95% identity, 33-611), M. javanica gb|BG736305.1| (97% identity, 222-725), M. hapla gb|CF803679.1| (88% identity, 1-645), M. hapla gb|CF803689.1| (88% identity, 1-644), M. hapla gb|CF803678.1| (88% identity, 1-645), M. incognita gb|CN443180.1| (90% identity, 1-519), M. javanica gb|BI745534.1| (95% identity, 277-477; 92% identity, 481-692).

SEQ ID NO:5 comparison: Meloidogyne ESTs, M. arenaria gb|CF357444.1| (99% identity, 1-552), M. hapla gb|CF357444.1| (92% identity, 892-1425), M. hapla gb|CN577502.1| (91% identity, 879-1425), M. hapla gb|BU094011.1| (94% identity, 1-438), M. arenaria gb|BI747707.1| (100% identity, 1208-1425), M. incognita gb|AW829176.1| (92% identity, 662-879).

SEQ ID NO:7 comparison: Meloidogyne ESTs, M. arenaria gb|CF358371.1| (100% identity, 912-1520), M. arenaria gb|BI501616.1| (99% identity, 1324-1846), M. arenaria gb|BI746542.1| (96% identity, 1288-1848), M. incognita gb|AW829423.1| (96% identity, 1390-1851), M. incognita gb|AW871188.1| (96% identity, 1461-1851), M. incognita gb|CN443525.1| (98% identity, 1-256), M. incognita gb|CN443511.1| (98% identity, 1-256), M. incognita gb|CK984263.1| (98% identity, 1-256), M. incognita gb|CK984287.1| (98% identity, 1-256), M. incognita gb|CK984492.1| (96% identity, 1-256), M. incognita gb|CK984445.1| (96% identity, 1-256), M. incognita gb|CK984390.1| (96% identity, 1-256), M. incognita gb|CK984366.1| (96% identity, 1-256), M. incognita gb|BI703863.1| (96% identity, 1745-1851), M. incognita gb|BE239094.1| (96% identity, 1783-18549).

SEQ ID NO:9 comparison: Meloidogyne ESTs, M. incognita gb|CF099482.1| (99% identity, 1-678), M. arenaria gb|BI745992.1| (100% identity, 1-503), M. arenaria gb|BI863117.1| (99% identity, 1-452), M. incognita gb|BE239183.1| (99% identity, 351-741), M. incognita gb|BM880799.1| (99% identity, 147-504).

SEQ ID NO:11 comparison: Meloidogyne ESTs, collection of greater than 100 M. incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria ESTs in the 3′-region 678-1122 of identity 98-100%.

SEQ ID NO:13 comparison: No detected Meloidogyne ESTs matches

SEQ ID NO:15 comparison: Meloidogyne ESTs, M. arenaria gb|BI745894.1| (97% identity, 2611-3101), M. hapla gb|BM883184.1| (91% identity, 2079-2556), M. chitwoodi gb|CB933531.1| (85% identity, 2472-2990), M. hapla gb|CN574157.1| (88% identity, 2827-3225).

SEQ ID NO:17 comparison: No detected Meloidogyne ESTs matches.

SEQ ID NO:19 comparison: Meloidogyne ESTs, M. paranaensis gb|CK426467.1| (99% identity, 61-714), M. incognita gb|BM880509.1| (99% identity, 248-789), M. javanica gb|BG736965.1| (96% identity, 243-746), M. incognita gb|BM881612.1| (99% identity, 370-827; 100% identity, 266-325), M. javanica gb|BG736194.1| (96% identity, 246-721), M. javanica gb|BG737132.1| (96% identity, 243-663), M. incognita gb|BM880760.1| (99% identity, 393-732; 100% identity, 259-392), M. javanica gb|BG736127.1| (96% identity, 243-600).

SEQ ID NO:21 comparison: Meloidogyne ESTs, M. javanica gb|BI744615.1| (98% identity, 300-700), M. incognita gb|CN443444.1| (100% identity, 1-237).

SEQ ID NO:23 comparison: Meloidogyne ESTs, M. javanica gb|BE578613.1| (97% identity, 1-606), M. arenaria gb|BI747271.1| (98% identity, 1-504), M. incognita gb|CD749365.1| (97% identity, 27-600), M. javanica gb|BI143067.1| (99% identity, 1-437), M. hapla gb|CF370648.1| (91% identity, 1-599), M. hapla gb|BM902290.1| (91% identity, 73-621), M. hapla gb|CN572891.1| (85% identity, 259-667).

SEQ ID NO:25 comparison: Meloidogyne ESTs, M. incognita gb|CD749648.1| (100% identity, 1-690), M. incognita gb|CF099489.1| (99% identity, 15-676), M. arenaria gb|BI746205.1| (97% identity, 203-644).

SEQ ID NO:40 comparison: Meloidogyne ESTs, M. paranaensis gb|CK426467.1| (98% identity, 130-783), M. incognita gb|BM880509.1| (99% identity, 317-858), M. javanica gb|BG736965.1| (96% identity, 312-815), M. incognita gb|BM881612.1| (90% identity, 325-896; 100% identity), M. javanica gb|BG736194.1| (96% identity, 315-790), M. javanica gb|BG737132.1| (96% identity, 312-732), M. incognita gb|BM880760.1| (90% identity, 328-801), M. javanica gb|BG736127.1| (95% identity, 312-669).

SEQ ID NO:42 comparison: Meloidogyne ESTs, M. incognita gb|CD749648.1| (99% identity, 1-675), M. incognita gb|CF099489.1| (99% identity, 1-661), M. arenaria gb|BI746205.1| (96% identity, 185-629).

SEQ ID NO:44 comparison: Meloidogyne ESTs, M. javanica gb|BG735889.1| (98%, 1-255), M. javanica gb|BG736205.1| (93%, 103-201).

Table 2 lists the predicted amino acid sequences encoded by the nucleotide sequences of Table 1.

TABLE 2 RKN amino acid sequences. SEQ ID NO: 2 M. incognita top1 ORF 746 amino acid homolog of C. elegans M01E5.5b SEQ ID NO: 4 M. incognita let767 ORF 318 amino acid homolog of C. elegans C56G2.6 SEQ ID NO: 6 M. incognita sec61a ORF 474 amino acid homolog of C. elegans Y57G11C.15 SEQ ID NO: 8 M. incognita transketolase ORF 616 amino acid homolog of C. elegans F01G10.1 SEQ ID NO: 10 M. incognita pas4 ORF 246 amino acid homolog of C. elegans C36B1.4 SEQ ID NO: 12 M. incognita kin2 ORF 373 amino acid homolog of C. elegans R07E4.6 SEQ ID NO: 14 M. incognita cgh1 partial ORF 331 amino acid homolog of C. elegans C07H6.5 SEQ ID NO: 16 M. incognita uba1 ORF 1074 amino acid homolog of C. elegans C47E12.5 SEQ ID NO: 18 M. incognita vha13 ORF 571 amino acid homolog of C. elegans Y49A3A.2 SEQ ID NO: 20 M. incognita vha19 partial ORF 275 amino acid homolog of C. elegans Y55H10A.1 SEQ ID NO: 22 M. incognita noah1 ORF 1169 amino acid homolog of C. elegans C34G6.6 SEQ ID NO: 24 M. incognita pas6 ORF 248 amino acid homolog of C. elegans CD4.6 SEQ ID NO: 26 M. incognita T26G10.1 partial 230 amino acid homolog of C. elegans T26G10.1 ORF SEQ ID NO: 41 M. incognita vha19 ORF 335 amino acid homolog of C. elegans Y55H10A.1 SEQ ID NO: 43 M. incognita 367 amino acid homolog of C. elegans T26G10.1 T26G10.1additional partial cDNA SEQ ID NO: 45 M. incognita vha15 partial ORF 87 amino acid fragment; ortholog of C. elegans T14F9.1

The amino acid sequences of Table 2 were compared with presumed orthologous or homologous amino acid sequences in various nematode species, as follows:

SEQ ID NO:2 has the following amino acid identity to its nematode orthologs, 71% B. malayi, 65% C. elegans, 66% C. briggsae.

SEQ ID NO:4 has the following amino acid identity to its nematode orthologs, 60% H. glycines, 47% C. elegans, 48% C. briggsae, 44% B. malayi.

SEQ ID NO:6 has the following amino acid identity to its nematode orthologs, 94% B. malayi, 93% C. elegans, 92% C. briggsae.

SEQ ID NO:8 has the following amino acid identity to its nematode orthologs, 62% B. malayi, 67% C. elegans, 66% C. briggsae.

SEQ ID NO:10 has the following amino acid identity to its nematode orthologs, 68% B. malayi, 69% C. elegans, 69% C. briggsae.

SEQ ID NO:12 has the following amino acid identity to its nematode orthologs, 78% O. volvulus, 78% B. malayi, 71% C. elegans, 75% C. briggsae.

SEQ ID NO:14 has the following amino acid identity to its nematode orthologs, 82% B. malayi, 83% C. elegans, 83% C. briggsae.

SEQ ID NO:16 has the following amino acid identity to its nematode orthologs, 58% B. malayi, 53% C. elegans, 55% C. briggsae.

SEQ ID NO:18 has the following amino acid identity to its nematode orthologs, 83% B. malayi, 86% C. elegans, 86% C. briggsae.

SEQ ID NO:20 has the following amino acid identity to its nematode orthologs, 22% B. malayi, 26% C. elegans, 22% C. briggsae.

SEQ ID NO:22 has the following amino acid identity to its nematode orthologs, 51% B. malayi, 49% C. elegans, 49% C. briggsae.

SEQ ID NO:24 has the following amino acid identity to its nematode orthologs, 54% B. malayi, 55% C. elegans, 55% C. briggsae.

SEQ ID NO:26 has the following amino acid identity to its nematode orthologs, 66% B. malayi, 66% C. elegans, 68% C. briggsae.

SEQ ID NO:41 has the following amino acid identity to its nematode orthologs: 28% B. malayi; 30% C. elegans; 27% C. briggsae.

SEQ ID NO:43 has the following amino acid identity to its nematode orthologs: 70% B. malayi; 69% C. elegans; 69% C. briggsae.

SEQ ID NO:45 has the following amino acid identity to its nematode orthologs: 77% C. elegans; 77% C. briggsae.

Example 4 DsRNA Sequences and Promoters for Gene Expression

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary schematic of a hairy root expression construct used to select for combined chemical (Basta®) and red fluorescence (DsRed marker; e.g. Clontech, Mountain View, Calif.) to produce hairy roots with uniform expression of a gene of interest (GOI) that targets survival, fitness or pathogenicity of a target nematode. The GOI could be a nematicidal nucleotide, protein or protein capable of producing a nematicidal agent (e.g., a metabolite), and is typically a double stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting an essential nematode gene. Kanamycin resistance was used for plasmid propagation within bacterial hosts. Basta® (ammonium glufosinate:phosphinothricin) tolerance is conferred by the expression of the BAR gene (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase) under the control of the mannopine synthase promoter and terminator. The GOI can be driven by a strong constitutive promoter derived from the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (35S) or figwort mosaic virus (FMV) (e.g. SEQ ID NOs:36-39) or by one of a variety of plant promoters such as the ubiquitin 3 promoter, and terminators such as the E6, E9 or octopine synthase (OCS) terminator may be used. The red fluorescent protein DsRed (Matz et al., 1999) was typically expressed from a strong constitutive viral promoter or other promoter such as the A. thaliana phosphoglycerate mutase promoter (SEQ ID NO:35; Mazarei et al., 2003) with the use of a terminator such as E6, E9 or OCS.

TABLE 3 RKN dsRNA nucleotide sequences and promoter sequences. SEQ ID NO: 27 kin-2 dsRNA segment A M. incognita homolog of C. elegans R07E4.6 SEQ ID NO: 28 kin-2 dsRNA segment B M. incognita homolog of C. elegans R07E4.6 SEQ ID NO: 29 T26G10.1 dsRNA segment M. incognita homolog of C. elegans T26G10.1 SEQ ID NO: 30 cgh1 dsRNA segment M. incognita homolog of C. elegans C07H6.5 SEQ ID NO: 31 CM dsRNA segment M. incognita chorismate mutase SEQ ID NO: 32 cathepsin L (CplA) dsRNA M. incognita homolog of C. elegans T03E6.7 segment SEQ ID NO: 33 16D10 dsRNA segment M. incognita conserved secreted peptide SEQ ID NO: 34 Act7 intron Intron from A. thaliana Act7 promoter SEQ ID NO: 35 Div10 promoter D10.1 promoter from A. thaliana phosphoglycerate mutase gene (AY154746.1) SEQ ID NO: 36 FMV Figwort mosaic virus promoter SEQ ID NO: 37 E35S Enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter SEQ ID NO: 38 E35Sp Enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter with the petunia translational leader SEQ ID NO: 39 35SO 35S promoter with the tobacco mosaic virus omega translational enhancer SEQ ID NO: 47 vha19 dsRNA segment M. incognita homolog of C. elegans Y55H10A.1

A crop transformation base vector comprising selection expression cassettes and elements necessary for the maintenance of the plasmid in a bacteria cell was used to assemble DNA segments (promoters, leaders, introns, 3′UTR) that provide regulatory activity when operably linked to DNA segments that provide functionality in the present invention. The assembly of these DNA segments can be accomplished using methods well known in the art of recombinant DNA technology. Examples of DNA sequences capable of coding for efficacious dsRNA molecules are SEQ ID NO: 27 through 30, SEQ ID NO: 32, and SEQ ID NO:47 in table 3.

Example 5 Tomato Hairy Root Efficacy Against M. incognita Via Transgenic RNAi

Plates were inoculated with approximately 450 sterile M. incognita J2s and incubated at 26-28° C. At 42 days post infection plates were microwaved and sieved to collect the roots. The roots were then blended in a 10% bleach solution and poured over a series of sieves to remove the root debris and collect the eggs. Eggs were removed from each plate and counted, and the roots were weighed. Transgenic hairy root cultures were prepared expressing fragments of genes encoding, for instance, kin-2, T26G10.1, cgh1, Cp1A, or Vha19 (e.g. SEQ ID NOs:27-30, SEQ ID NO:32, or SEQ ID NO:46), and these roots were tested for RKN resistance. Results are shown in Table 4, demonstrating efficacy in reducing RKN reproduction.

TABLE 4 Tomato hairy root efficacy of exemplary dsRNA constructs. P-GOI 5′-Intron DsRNA P-DsRED Test % Egg Reduction E35Sp Act7 Kin2A FMV 1  83* E35Sp Act7 Cpl1A FMV 2  70* E35Sp Act7 CM FMV 2 21 E335p Act7 16D10 FMV 2  75* Div10 16D10 E35S 2 34 E335p Act7 Kin2A FMV 3 40 Div10 Kin2A E35S 3 16 Div10 Kin2B E35S 3 41 E35Sp Act7 Kin2A FMV 4  59* Div10 T26G10.1 35So 4 51 E35Sp Act7 Vha19 FMV 5 65 E35Sp Act7 Vha19 FMV 6 63 E35Sp Act7 T26G10.1 FMV 6 57 E35Sp Act7 T26G10.1 FMV 7 63 *Statistically significant reduction relative to the susceptible control using a T test at 0.1 alpha.

Percent egg reduction is relative to the empty vector susceptible control. An enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter with or without the petunia leader 35S (E35S or E35Sp) SEQ ID NO 37 and SEQ ID NO 38, respectively, the figwort mosaic virus (FMV) promoter SEQ ID NO: 36, the D10.1 (Div10) promoter SEQ ID NO: 35, and the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter with the tobacco mosaic virus omega translational enhancer SEQ ID NO: 39 were utilized.

The data in table 4 demonstrate that the promoter and target gene as well as the precise gene segment influence the degree of efficacy against RKN. Importantly it is possible to achieve high levels of efficacy against RKN using a transgenic RNAi approach targeted against gene targets disclosed herein.

Example 6 Transgenic Tobacco Whole Plant Generation and Assaying with M. incognita (RKN)

TABLE 5 Media components. MSO Medium MS salts + B5 vitamins 4.4 g/L (e.g. from Phytotechnology Laboratories or Sigma) Sucrose 30 g/L pH to 5.7 with 1N KOH difco-bacto type agar 9.0 g/L MS104 Medium: MSO (liquid) plus BAP 1.0 mg/L NAA 0.1 mg/L pH to 5.7 with 1N KOH difco-bacto type agar 9.0 g/L 4COO5K (liquid media) MS salts + B5 vitamins 4.4 g/L pCPA 4 mg/L Sucrose 30 g/L pH to 5.7 with 1N KOH

Explants were prepared for pre-culture, e.g. by surface sterilizing leaves from one month old tobacco plants for 15 minutes in 10% Clorox with surfactant with 3× sterile DiH₂O washes. Leaves were cut into 0.5 cm pieces and 60-70 leaf pieces were placed upside down on MS104 plate with 2 mls 4C005K liquid media plus 2 sterile filter discs. This pre-culture was carried out for about 1-2 days. Then explants were inoculated using an overnight Agrobacterium culture that had been adjusted to 1.2×10⁹ bac/ml with 4C005K (e.g. ˜1/5 dilution). 2 mls adjusted Agrobacterium culture was added directly to each plate of pre-cultured explants, which were then incubated for 10 minutes. The Agrobacterium were pipetted off, leaving explants as dry as possible. Plates were blotted with sterile filter disc and allowed to co-culture for 2-3 days at 24° C. Explants were transferred to MS104 plus glufosinate 5 mg/L plus carbenicillin 500 μg/ml for selection phase by removing explants from filter paper and spacing them evenly onto selection plates (10-12 explants/plate).

At 4-6 weeks, shoots were cut from callus (one from each callus clump to ensure independent events) and placed on MS0 plus glufosinate plus carbenicillin 500 μg/ml rooting media. Callus that is not yet shooting may be cut into independent callus pieces and placed back on fresh MS104 selection plates to encourage shooting. Roots typically form on putative transformants in 7-10 days. At this time, small leaf pieces could be taken and recallused on MS104 selection plates to confirm kanamycin resistance if desired. Agar was rinsed carefully from the roots of rooted shoots, and plants were potted in small pots, watered well and placed under a propagation dome for 2-3 days. The lid of the dome can then be cracked gradually to harden off the seedlings to ambient conditions. These are referred to as R₀ plants.

Ten weeks after pots are put in the greenhouse the R₁ seed is ready to be harvested from the R₀ plant. Seeds from each R₀ plant are collected, planted, and allowed to grow for a week. The plants are then sprayed with 0.04% Finale® (glufosinate; Bayer CropScience) every day for a week. Plants that segregate in a 3:1 fashion are considered to have a single copy insertion and are kept for further analysis.

Twelve weeks after the R₁ seed is planted and selected, the R₂ seed is ready to be harvested from the R₁ plant. Seeds from the R₁ plant are collected, planted, and allowed to grow for a week. The plants are then sprayed with 0.04% Finale (glufosinate) every day for a week. Plants that segregate correctly (100% survival after Finale exposure) are considered to be homozygous and are kept for efficacy testing and seed collection. For each R₂ integration, a subset of the plants was infected with nematodes to determine efficacy and a subset was allowed to grow to produce the R₃ seed. Three weeks after the glufosinate selection of the R₂ plants, a subset of the plants was inoculated with 5000 vermiform eggs per pot of RKN J2s and scored for gall reduction 8 weeks later.

Twelve weeks after the glufosinate selection of the R₂ plants, a subset of plants are harvested for the R₃ seed. Subsequent generations such as R₄, R₅, etc. can be generated in similar fashion.

TABLE 6 Tobacco whole plant efficacy of exemplary dsRNA constructs. P-GOI 5′-Intron DsRNA P-DsRED Lines Gall Reduction (%) E35Sp Act7 Kin2A FMV Pool 44* E35Sp Act7 Kin2A FMV 1 34  E35Sp Act7 Kin2A FMV 2 73* E35Sp Act7 Kin2A FMV 3 38* E35Sp Act7 Kin2A FMV 4 58* E35Sp Act7 Kin2A FMV 5 16  *Statistically significant reduction relative to the susceptible control using a T test at 0.1 alpha. The data in table 6 demonstrate that it is possible to achieve high levels of efficacy against RKN in the greenhouse using additional host plant species (i.e., tobacco in this case) using a transgenic RNAi approach targeted against gene targets disclosed herein.

All of the compositions and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of the foregoing illustrative embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations, changes, modifications, and alterations may be applied to the composition, methods, and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the methods described herein, without departing from the true concept, spirit, and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents that are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope, and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

REFERENCES

The following references are incorporated herein by reference:

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What is claimed is:
 1. A polynucleotide encoding a double stranded ribonucleotide molecule, the ribonucleotide molecule comprising: (a) a fragment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:11; and (b) the reverse complement of the fragment of (a), wherein uptake by a plant-parasitic nematode of the ribonucleotide molecule comprising the 21 contiguous nucleotides inhibits plant-parasitic nematode infestation.
 2. The polynucleotide of claim 1, defined as operably linked to a heterologous promoter.
 3. The polynucleotide of claim 1, comprising a spacer polynucleotide sequence between the fragment and the reverse complement of the fragment.
 4. A transformation vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide is operably linked to a heterologous promoter functional in a plant cell.
 5. A double stranded ribonucleotide molecule produced from the expression of the polynucleotide according to claim 1, wherein uptake by a plant-parasitic nematode of the ribonucleotide molecule inhibits the growth of the nematode.
 6. The double stranded ribonucleotide molecule of claim 5, wherein the ribonucleotide molecule inhibits the expression of a target gene in the plant-parasitic nematode.
 7. A cell transformed with the polynucleotide of claim
 1. 8. The cell of claim 7, defined as a eukaryotic cell.
 9. The cell of claim 7, defined as a plant cell.
 10. A plant transformed with the polynucleotide of claim
 1. 11. The plant of claim 10, further defined as selected from a crop of the group consisting of: corn, wheat, barley, rye, rice, potato, tomato, cucumber, pepper, clover, legume, soybean, pea, alfalfa, sugar cane, sugar beet, tobacco, carrot, cotton, rapeseed (canola), sunflower, safflower, sorghum, strawberry, banana, turf, and ornamental.
 12. A seed of the plant of claim 10, wherein the seed comprises the polynucleotide.
 13. The plant of claim 10, wherein the polynucleotide is expressed in the plant as a double stranded ribonucleotide molecule.
 14. The plant of claim 13, wherein the uptake by a plant-parasitic nematode of tissue of the plant comprising the double stranded ribonucleotide molecule inhibits plant-parasitic nematode infestation.
 15. The plant of claim 14, wherein the plant-parasitic nematode is a Meloidogyne spp.
 16. The plant of claim 14, wherein the plant-parasitic nematode is Meloidogyne incognita.
 17. A commodity product produced from a plant according to claim 10, wherein the commodity product comprises a detectable amount of the polynucleotide or a ribonucleotide expressed therefrom.
 18. A method for controlling a plant-parasitic nematode population comprising providing an agent comprising a first polynucleotide sequence comprising from about 19 to about 25 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:11 or the complement thereof, wherein the first polynucleotide is hybridized to a second polynucleotide sequence that is complementary to the first polynucleotide sequence.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the nematode is Meloidogyne spp.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the nematode is Meloidogyne incognita.
 21. A method for controlling a plant-parasitic nematode population comprising providing in the host plant of a plant-parasitic nematode a transformed plant cell expressing a polynucleotide molecule according to claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide is expressed to produce a double stranded ribonucleic acid that functions upon being taken up by the plant-parasitic nematode to inhibit the expression of a target sequence within the nematode and results in decreased growth or reproduction of the nematode or nematode population, relative to growth or reproduction on a host plant lacking the transformed plant cell.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the plant-parasitic nematode exhibits decreased growth following infection of the host plant.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the target sequence encodes a protein, the predicted function of which is selected from the group consisting of: egg production and reproduction.
 24. The method of claim 21, wherein said nematode comprises Meloidogyne spp.
 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the nematode is Meloidogyne incognita.
 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the polynucleotide functions upon being taken up by the plant-parasitic nematode to suppress expression of a gene that performs a function essential for reproduction.
 27. A method for reducing the number of root knot nematode (RKN) feeding sites established in the root tissue of a host plant, comprising providing in the host plant of a Meloidogyne spp. a transformed plant cell expressing a polynucleotide according to claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide is expressed to produce a double stranded ribonucleic acid that functions upon being taken up by the Meloidogyne spp. to inhibit the expression of a target sequence within said nematode and results in a decrease in the number of feeding sites established, relative to the number of feeding sites established on a host lacking the transformed plant cell.
 28. A method of controlling plant nematode pest infestation in a plant comprising providing in the diet of a plant nematode pest a dsRNA comprising the polynucleotide of claim
 1. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein said diet comprises a plant cell transformed to express said polynucleotide.
 30. A method for improving the yield of a crop produced from a crop plant subjected to plant-parasitic nematode infection, said method comprising the steps of, a) introducing the polynucleotide according to claim 1 into said crop plant; b) cultivating the crop plant to allow the expression of said polynucleotide; wherein expression of the polynucleotide inhibits plant-parasitic nematode infection, growth, reproduction, or loss of yield due to plant-parasitic nematode infection.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the crop plant is selected from the group consisting of: corn, wheat, barley, rye, rice, potato, tomato, cucumber, pepper, clover, legume, soybean, pea, alfalfa, sugar cane, sugar beet, tobacco, carrot, cotton, rapeseed (canola), sunflower, safflower, sorghum, strawberry, banana, turf, and an ornamental.
 32. The method of claim 30, wherein expression of the polynucleotide produces an RNA molecule that suppresses at least a first target gene in a plant-parasitic nematode that has contacted a portion of said crop plant, wherein the target gene performs at least one essential function selected from the group consisting of egg production and reproduction.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the plant-parasitic nematode is a Tylenchid nematode.
 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the plant-parasitic nematode is a Meloidogyne spp.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the plant-parasitic nematode is Meloidogyne incognita.
 36. A method for improving the osmotic stress tolerance of a crop plant subjected to plant-parasitic nematode infection, said method comprising the steps of, introducing a polynucleotide according to claim 1 into said crop plant; cultivating the crop plant to allow the expression of said polynucleotide; wherein expression of the polynucleotide improves the osmotic stress tolerance of the crop plant.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the osmotic stress tolerance is defined as drought tolerance.
 38. A method for producing a commodity product comprising obtaining a plant according to claim 10 or a part thereof, and preparing a commodity product from the plant or part thereof.
 39. A method for producing food or feed, comprising obtaining a plant according to claim 10 or a part thereof and preparing food or feed from said plant or part thereof.
 40. The method of claim 39, wherein the food or feed is defined as oil, meal, protein, starch, flour or silage.
 41. A method for down-regulating the expression of a target gene in a plant-parasitic nematode cell, the method comprising: transforming a plant cell with the transformation vector of claim 4; culturing the transformed plant cell under conditions sufficient to allow for development of a plant cell culture comprising a plurality of transformed plant cells; selecting for transformed plant cells that have integrated the nucleic acid sequence into their genomes; screening the transformed plant cells for expression of the dsRNA encoded by the nucleic acid sequence; and selecting a plant cell that expresses the dsRNA.
 42. The method of claim 41, further comprising regenerating a plant from the plant cell that expresses the dsRNA; whereby expression of the nucleic acid sequence in the plant is sufficient to modulate the expression of a target gene in a plant-parasitic nematode cell that contacts the transformed plant or plant cell. 